Biochemistry 1 Exam 1 Lecom

Front 1

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

Back 1

Viral hepatitis

Front 2

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

Back 2

alcoholic hepatitis,

MI

Front 3

Alkaline phosphatase

Back 3

Osteoblastic bone disease

Front 4

Amylase

Back 4

acute pancreatitis, mumps

Front 5

Creatine Kinase

Back 5

MU

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Front 6

y-Glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Back 6

obstructive liver disease, (high in alcoholics)

Front 7

LActate dehydrogenase (LDH, type I)

Back 7

MI

Front 8

Lipase

Back 8

Acute pancreatitis

Front 9

ΔG -ve

Back 9

net loss of energy

Reaction will go spontaneously

Reaction is EXERGONIC

Front 10

ΔG +ve

Back 10

net gain of energy

Reaction will not go spontaneously

Reaction is ENDERGONIC

Energy must be supplied to make reaction go

Front 11

ΔG°´ provides

Back 11

(i) a uniform convention for measuring free energy changes

(ii) a definition of where the equilibrium lies

Front 12

ATP-->ADP + Pi

Back 12

ΔG°´ = -7.3 kcal/mol

Front 13

ADP->AMP + Pi

Back 13

ΔG°´ = -7.3 kcal/mol

Front 14

AMP-->A + Pi

Back 14

ΔG°´ = -3.4 kcal/mol

Front 15

Endergonic Vs Exergonic

Back 15

Front 16

The ‘business end’ of NAD+is made from

Back 16

vitamin B3

Niacin

Front 17

Niacin deficiency causes

Back 17

pellegra, 3 Ds

Dementia, diahrrea,

Front 18

Most of our ATP is produced by

Back 18

oxidative phosphorylation, except in hypoxic circumstances

Front 19

absence of an adequate oxygen supply

Back 19

ATP is produced by anaerobic glycolysis

Front 20

glycolysis biosynthetic roles

Back 20

Fatty acid biosynthesis
Triacyl glycerol
Amino acid
Ribose-5-P
2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (for Hb fx)

23FATR

Front 21

TCA

Back 21

operates aerobically, only happens in mitochondrion, major source of ATP,

Front 22

Acetyl CoA made from

Back 22

FA, ketone bodies, Glucose, Acetate, AA, alcohol

Front 23

Lipoic acid

Back 23

a COENZYME not a vitamin

Front 24

Wet beri-beri

Back 24

edema (heart failure)

Front 25

Dry beri-beri

Back 25

polyneuropathy

Front 26

ALCOHOL impairs

Back 26

THIAMINE ABSORPTION

Consequently Beri-beri is often seen in chronic alcoholics

Front 27

Succinate thiokinase

Back 27

Substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 28

succinate DEHYDROGEASE

Back 28

Embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 29

thiamine (vit B) deficiency causes issues with

Back 29

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Front 30

produce NADH and CO2 in TCA cycle

Back 30

Isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate

Front 31

1 turn of TCA cycle makes

Back 31

10 ATP

Front 32

citrate makes

Back 32

Fatty acids happens in cytoplasm

Front 33

aplha- ketoglutarate

Back 33

makes AA and GABA

Front 34

succinyl CoA

Back 34

makes heme

Front 35

Malate

Back 35

starting point for gluconeogenesis

Front 36

Oxalacetate

Back 36

AA synthesis

Front 37

Pyruvate carboxylase

Back 37

replenishes oxaloacetate (NEEDS biotin)

activated by pyruvate carboxylase

Front 38

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Back 38

made from glutamate (AA)

Front 39

Odd # FA

Back 39

make succinyl CoA

Front 40

biotin can be taken up by

Back 40

avidin (in egg protein)

Front 41

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Back 41

does pyruvate to acetyl CoA

inhibited by NADH, and acetyl CoA

pyruvate dehydrogenase: inactive by phosphorylation (kinase activated by NADH and acetyl CoA, deactivated by ADP and pyruvate)

pyruvate dehydrogenase: activated by Ca ions

Needs:

Thiamine, pyrophosphate, Lipoate, FAD

Front 42

Pyruvate dehydrogenase activators

Back 42

Pyruvate

CoA

NAD+

Ca++

ADP

Front 43

Pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited by

Back 43

NADH and Acetyl CoA

Front 44

TOM

Back 44

Translocases of the outer membraneof mitochondria

Front 45

TIM

Back 45

Translocases of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 46

TIM/TOM

Back 46

THE OUTER 'MATRIX PROTEIN' SHOULD BE CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN

Front 47

The “hydrogen acceptor” part of NAD+ is made from

Back 47

niacin (vitamin B3)

Front 48

The electron transport chain is located in

Back 48

the inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 49

succinate dehydrogenase complex

Back 49

Complex II embedded within the membrane

Front 50

One complete turn of the rotor of ATP synthase enzyme make/needs

Back 50

3 ATP and needs 12 protons

Front 51

Niacin (vitamin B3) deficient

Back 51

Complex I

Front 52

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficient

Back 52

Complex II

Front 53

Fe (for heme synthesis) deficient

Back 53

Complex III

Cytochrome c

Complex IV

Front 54

dinitrophenyol

Back 54

causes decoupling of the proton gradient from ATP production

Front 55

Thermogenin

Back 55

protein that moves H across membrane and creates heat instead of ATP in Brown Fat

Front 56

Asprin

Back 56

Blood [lactate] increase causing metabolic acidosis

ATP decrease, AMP increase, stimulating glycolysis

Front 57

Mt DNA encodes (mitochondrial DNA)

Back 57

encodes rRNA, tRNA and proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation

Front 58

LHON (Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy)

Back 58

Sudden blindness in young males

Less common symptoms – mild dementia, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy.

Inherited maternally

Caused by various mutations in complexes I, II and IV polypeptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA

90% caused by mutations in NADH dehydrogenase

Front 59

MERRF (Myotonic Epilepsy and Ragged Red Fiber Disease)

Back 59

Myoclonus, ataxia, muscle weakness, deafness and progressive dementiaCaused by mutations in mitochondrial RNAs (most commonly mtRNA-lys

Front 60

MELAS (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes)

Back 60

Progressive neurodegenerative disease – onset at 5 -15 years.Caused by mutations in tRNA-leu

Front 61

intracellular signaling molecule:

2nd messengers

Back 61

small molecules that increase in concentration when a ligand binds:

Diacyl glycerol, IP3, Ca, cAMP, cGMP)