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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 5 tissues synthesize large amounts of triglycerides?
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Liver, Gut, Adipose, Mammory Glands, ER
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List the 6 glycerophospholipids?
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PC (phosphatidylcholine)
PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) PS (Phosphatidylserine) PI (phosphatidylinositol) PG (phosphatidylglycerol) DPG (diphosphatidylglycerol) |
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name the glycerophospholipid that is used to form triglyceride?
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phosphatidic Acid (PA)
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Why did Colleen Lakker develop respiratory distress syndrome?
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Colleen Lakker was born 6 weeks premature and did not have enough surfactant to breathe
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When does Surfactant synthesis begin?
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Surfactant synthesis begins at 24 weeks gestation in Type II Pneumocyte cells
Surfactant contributes to reduction in surface tension within the alveoli |
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what can be used to check for lung maturity and what can be used to speed up lung maturation?
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A Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in the amniotic fluid can be used to determine maturity of the lungs
Corticosteroids can be used to speed up lung maturity |
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List the 4 enzymes that are used for membrane lipid remodeling?
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Phospholipase A2
Phospholipase A1 Phospholipase C Phospholipase D |
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What does Phospholipase A2 do?
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replaces the FA in the 2 position with palmitic acid and is used to form DPPC and releases FA for eicosanoid synthesis
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What does Phospholipase A1 do?
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forms lysophospholipids
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What does Phospholipase C do?
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forms Diglyceride
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What does Phospholipase D do?
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form Phosphatidic acid
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How do we control the flow of fatty acids from triglycerides into muscle and adipose tissue?
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LPL – lipoprotein lipase is used to hydrolyze triglycerides in chylomicrons and VLDL so the FA can be taken up in specific tissues
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Fed state – Insulin effect
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Increases LPL synthesis and activity – adipose
Decreases LPL synthesis and activity – Skeletal/heart m. |
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Fasted/Exercise State – Glucogon/epinephrine effect
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Decreases LPL synthesis and activity – adipose
Increases LPL synthesis and activity – Skeletal/heart m |
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Lactating Mammary Gland - Prolactin effect
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Highly increases LPL activity in the breaset
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What does hormone-sensitive lipase do?
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HSL controls the release of triglycerides from Adipose tissue
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How is Hormone Sensitive Lipase Regulated?
Stimulated |
Epinephrine (E), Norepinephrin(NE), Glucagon, ACTH, Secretin, and Vasopressin bind to a receptor that activates adenyl cyclase to increases cyclic AMP
Ephedrine stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to get NE released in adipose tissue |
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How is Hormone Sensitive Lipase Regulated?
Inhibited |
Insulin puts phosphodiesterase in it’s active form and lowers cyclic AMP
Adenosine binds to a receptor that inhibits adenyl cyclase and lowers cyclic AMP |
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Where are saturated fats coming from in American diet?
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Butter
Animal fat Coconut oil Palm oil Cocoa butter |
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Where are monounsaturated fats coming from in American diet?
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Olive oil
canola oil safflower oil sunflower avocado oil |
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Where are polyunsaturated fats coming from in American diet?
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corn oil
peanut oil cottonseed oil Fish oil Flaxseed oil |
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Why does dietary fat have a health impact on humans?
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Because the fats we eat are incorporated into our membranes and adipose tissue
Good lipids (Omega 3) can lower arrhythmia rates, triglycerides, heart rate, and blood pressure |
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What is the single most effective way to prevent the development of heart disease?
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To increase the percentage of Omega 3 FA in the diet
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What is DHA?
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Docasahexaenoic acid is a polyunsaturated FA (22:6n-3)
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what two humans tissues does DHA concentrate in?
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Concentrated in the brain and the retina
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why is DHA so critical for human infant health?
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It is a major constituent of the cell membranes in the brain and 70% of the brain cells are developed before birth
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What is the single most effective way to prevent depression?
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Increase the amount of Omega 3 in the diet
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Why do all of the animals that Americans currently eat have low levels of Omega-3 fat?
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Because they are removed from pasture and fed corn, which has low levels of Omega -3 FA
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How can Americans increase their intake of omega-3 fatty acids?
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Linseed, Rapeseed, Hemp, Walnut, Soya oils
Flaxseed oil, English Walnuts, and Flaxseeds |
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How much Omega-3 fat should be consumed each day for good health?
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2.5 grams/day
>10grams/day to treat neurological disease 5 grams/day to improve hearing function 7.5 grams/day to treat chronic pain |
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What are the general health benefits for omega-3 fatty acids?
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Reduced MI and improved MI survival
Improves mood disorders, schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, and prevents dementia |
