Biochem Test 1

Front 1

Acid form in nature?

Back 1

-ic

Front 2

Salt or ester form at neutral pH?

Back 2

-ate

Front 3

Systematic name for saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Back 3

Saturated (-anoic)

Unsaturated (-enoic)

Front 4

Myristic acid

Back 4

Found in dairy products.

Incorporated easily into membranes due to short length and hydrophobicity.

Front 5

Palmitic acid

Back 5

Found in animal products and palm trees.

Intermediate for other FA's

Signals for negative feedback for lipogenisis.

An antioxidant.

Front 6

Stearic acid

Back 6

Found in animals and vegetables.

Front 7

Non-essential FA's

Back 7

Made by the body.

Front 8

Essential FA's (definition)

Back 8

Not made by the body.

Essential for life.

Precursors for longer FA's.

Front 9

Essential FA's

Back 9

Two classes: omega-3's
omega-6's

Front 10

Important omega-3's (and precursor FA):

Back 10

EPA & DHA

alpha-linolenic acid

Front 11

Important omega-6's (and precursor FA):

Back 11

GLA & AA

Linoleic acid

Front 12

DHA

Back 12

Omega-3 FA

Originates in fish oil (Schizochytrium... microalgae).

Low DHA can possibly lead to Alzheimer's, ADHD, depression, etc.

Front 13

AA

Back 13

Synthesized only by animals.

Important in inflammation, hormone synthesis and pain... arachodonic acid cascase.

Precursor for prostoglandins & eicosanoids (inflammation/immune response; cell signaling), endogonous cannaboids (affect mood & behavior), lipoxins and resolvins (downregulating inflammation).

Front 14

Triacylglycerols
(Triglycerides)

Back 14

Glycerol esterified with three fatty acids.

Simple and mixed.

Major energy reserve... found mainly in adipose.

Front 15

Phospholipids

Back 15

Broad class of phospholipids with an esterified phosphate group.

Front 16

Glycerophospholipid

Back 16

Parent compound of other glycerophospholipids.

Allows proteins to cross membrane by attaching them.

Front 17

Glycerophospholipids

Back 17

A diglyceride + a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon of the glycerol backbone.

Main function is membrane formation.

Front 18

Phosphatides

Back 18

Phosphatidic acid +

-Ethanolamine (membranes)
-Inositol (signalling)
-Choline (forms lethicin... signalling and membrane)

Front 19

Diphosphatidylglycerol

Back 19

forms cardiolipin (heart function)

Front 20

Lethicin

Back 20

Isolated from egg yolks and soy beans.

Used as an emulsifier.. or surfactant.

Front 21

Phospholipases

Back 21

Cleave fatty acids from glycerophospholipids in membranes.

Found in snake venom.

Front 22

Ether Glycerophospholipids

Back 22

PAF = Platelet activating factor.

Important in signal transduction... especially in blood and bodily fluids.

Front 23

PAF

Back 23

Platelet activation. (coagulation)

Vasodilation (BP drops)

Secreted by fertilized egg ... signals implantation.

Secreted by fetal lung tissue... keeps lungs from collapsing.

Front 24

Waxes

Back 24

Long chain FA's esterified to long chain alcohols

Front 25

Terpene

Back 25

Simple lipid ... no FA's.

Monoterpene = 2 C5's or C10

Triterpines - Squalene and lanosterol (precursors to cholestorol)

Tetraterpenes - Caretenoids

Front 26

Polyprenols

Back 26

Long chain of isoprene + alcohol.

Coumadin falls in this category.

Front 27

Steroids

Back 27

Terpene based... 3 hexagons and 1 pentagon (3 bedrooms and a bath).

Cholesterol is the most common steroid... precursor for all others.

Front 28

Hormones

Back 28

5 families derived from cholesterol.

Androgens - Testosterone
Progestins - Progesterone
Estrogens - Estradiol

Glucocorticoids - regulation of carb, protein, lipid metabolism (cortisol)

Mineralocorticoids - regulation of salt balance

Front 29

Plasma Membrane

Back 29

Cytoplasmic membrane

Outer boundry of cell.

Import and export of molecules...transfer of messages in signal transduction.

Front 30

Nuclear membrane

Back 30

Nucleic acid synthesis

Front 31

Main membrane lipids

Back 31

5 Phospholipids
1 Sphingolipid
4 Phosphogylcerides
1 Glycolipid
1 Steroid

Front 32

Monolayers

Back 32

Single layer of lipids.

Polar head towards the water.

Front 33

Bilayers

Back 33

Tail-to-tail arrangement of lipids

Front 34

Micelles

Back 34

Inside out - Sphere with hydrophobic heads facing in (trap water in micelle).

Normal - Sphere with tails facing inward.

Front 35

Uniamellar vesicle

Back 35

Single bilayer.

Usually called liposomes inside cytoplasm.

Can be used as a drug delivery vehicle.

Front 36

Multiamellar vesicle

Back 36

Bilayers nestled inside of bilayers.

Front 37

Transfection

Back 37

Inserting foreign DNA inside other DNA.

Front 38

Integral/intrinsic proteins

Back 38

proteins extending through the membrane

Front 39

Peripheral/extrinsic/apical proteins

Back 39

Proteins anchored to membrane or integral proteins... do not cross entire membrane.

Front 40

Lipid achored proteins

Back 40

Peripheral proteins covalently linked to lipid

Front 41

4 Motifs of lipid anchored proteins.

Back 41

Amide-linked myristoyl
Thioester-linked fatty acyl
Thioether-linked prenyl
Amide-linked glcysylphosphidylinositol

Very important in cell signaling.