Biochem Lecture 23- Immune System And Energy

Front 1

The immune system contains the _______immunity system and the ________ immunity system.

Back 1

The immune system contains the innate immunity system and the adaptive immunity system.

Front 2

The innate system uses

Back 2

The innate system uses receptors that bind to common lipopolysaccharide structures on the surface of Gram negative bacteria.

Front 3

The adaptive immune system system contains

Back 3

The adaptive immune system system contains two major groups of lymphocytes (immune system cells), B cells and T cells.

Front 4

B cells are involved in the

Back 4

B cells are involved in the production of antibodies

Front 5

T cells are involved in

Back 5

T cells are involved in both cellular killing, as well as stimulation of the B cells.

Front 6

There are ______major antibody classes made by the B lymphocytes.

Back 6

There are five major antibody classes made by the B lymphocytes.

Front 7

The structure of antibodies has several common features. Tell me about their chains

Back 7

First, they are composed of two sets of Heavy (H) and light (L) chains arranged in a Y shape. Both the H and L chains have constant and variable regions.

Front 8

The variable regions of the H and L chains are located ______

Back 8

The variable regions of the H and L chains are adjacent to each other

Front 9

The variation in the variable regions of the H and L chains is responsible for

Back 9

The variation in these regions are responsible for antibody diversity.

Front 10

The different classes of antibodies vary in the H chains in the _________ region

Back 10

The different classes of antibodies vary in the H chains in the constant region

Front 11

Molecules bound by antibodies are called

Back 11

Molecules bound by antibodies are called antigens.

Front 12

epitopes

Back 12

Specific structural regions of an antigen bound by an antibody are called epitopes.

Front 13

Antibody diversity arises from

Back 13

Antibody diversity arises from recombination of DNA sequences and splicing of mRNA sequences for coding for the variable regions of H and L chains.

Front 14

The result of recombination and an error-prone replication in B cells means

Back 14

The result of recombination and an error-prone replication in B cells means that the cells of the immune system have slightly different DNA sequences than the DNAs of all the other cells of the body.

Front 15

3 things contributing to antibody diversity:

Back 15

recombination

error-prone replication in B cells

Splicing

Front 16

T cells are

Back 16

part of the cellular immune system (made in the thymus)

Front 17

T cells acts to

Back 17

1) induce apoptosis in infected cells (Cytotoxic T cells) or

2) to stimulate B lymphocyte production/action (Helper T cells).

Front 18

The free energy of a reaction (Delta G) is the

Back 18

The free energy of a reaction (Delta G) is the energy that is available for (or required for) doing things in cells (catalyzing reactions, doing work, etc.)

Front 19

By examining the free energy change that occurs in a reaction, one can determine

Back 19

By examining the free energy change that occurs in a reaction, one can determine if a reaction is favorable (go forward) or not favorable (go backward).

Front 20

Favorable reactions have Delta G values that are______ they are also called________ reactions

Back 20

negative (also called exergonic reactions).

Front 21

Unfavorable reactions have_________ these are also called ______________________

Back 21

Unfavorable reactions have Delta G values that are positive (also called endergonic reactions)

Front 22

When the Delta G for a reaction is zero, a reaction is said to be at

Back 22

When the Delta G for a reaction is zero, a reaction is said to be at equilibrium. Equilibrium does NOT mean equal concentrations.

Front 23

all reactions are theoretically

Back 23

all reactions are theoretically reversible.

Front 24

For a reaction A <=> B

Back 24

For a reaction A <=> B (note that all reactions are theoretically reversible. I use the symbol <=> to indicate a reversible reaction), if the Delta G is negative, the forward reaction (A -> B) is favored. If the Delta G is positive, the reverse reaction (B ->A) is favored. If the Delta G is zero, there is no net change in A and B, as the system is at equilibrium.

Front 25

The term "equilibrium" means that the relative amounts of A and B

Back 25

The term "equilibrium" means that the relative amounts of A and B do not change in the reaction.

Front 26

The term "equilibrium" means that the relative amounts of A and B do not change in the reaction. It DOES NOT mean

Back 26

The term "equilibrium" means that the relative amounts of A and B do not change in the reaction. It DOES NOT mean that the amount of A equals the amount of B.

Front 27

The Delta G for the reaction A<=> B can be calculated from

Back 27

Delta G = DeltaGzeroprime + RTln ([B]/[A]). I will simplify this for our class to the following form:

Delta G = DeltaGzeroprime + RTln ([Products]/[Reactants])

Front 28

if [Products] > [Reactants], the ln term is

Back 28

if [Products] > [Reactants], the ln term is POSITIVE.

Front 29

If the [Products] < [Reactants], the ln term is

Back 29

If the [Products] < [Reactants], the ln term is NEGATIVE.

Front 30

If the [Products] = [Reactants], the ln term is

Back 30

If the [Products] = [Reactants], the ln term is ZERO.

Front 31

DeltaGzeroprime is a

Back 31

DeltaGzeroprime is a constant that has a specific value for each reaction.

Front 32

For the hydrolysis of ATP, the DeltaGzeroprime is equal to

Back 32

For the hydrolysis of ATP, the DeltaGzeroprime is equal to -30.5 kJ/mol.

Front 33

For example, if [Products] = [Reactants] (products here are ADP + Pi and the reactant if ATP), then the ln term is zero. This means that when ATP = ADP and Pi, then the Delta G

Back 33

For example, if [Products] = [Reactants] (products here are ADP + Pi and the reactant if ATP), then the ln term is zero. This means that when ATP = ADP and Pi, then the Delta G is negative and the further hydrolysis is favored.

Front 34

Metabolic pathways are usually either ______________ or _____________.

Back 34

Metabolic pathways are usually either catabolic or anabolic.

Front 35

catabolic

Back 35

large molecules broken down to smaller ones

Front 36

anabolic

Back 36

smaller molecules built up into larger ones

Front 37

Catabolic pathways usually involve

Back 37

Catabolic (large molecules broken down to smaller ones) pathways usually involve oxidation and release energy.

Front 38

Anabolic pathways usually involve ___________ and _________ energy.

Back 38

Anabolic (smaller molecules built up into larger ones) pathways usually involve reduction and require energy.

Front 39

NAD+ gains electrons from_________ and becomes____________

Back 39

NAD+ gains electrons from an oxidation reaction to become NADH.

Front 40

Electron carriers are essential for

Back 40

Electron carriers are essential for biological oxidations.

Front 41

FAD gains electrons from _____________ to become ____________-.

Back 41

FAD gains electrons from an oxidation reaction to become FADH2.

Front 42

For every oxidation (loss of electrons) there is

Back 42

For every oxidation (loss of electrons) there is a reduction (gain of electrons).

Front 43

What three things are common acceptors of electrons?

Back 43

NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are common acceptors of electrons.

Front 44

________________are common sources of electrons

Back 44

Biological molecules are common sources of electrons (as well as acceptors of electrons, depending on the reaction).