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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are vitamins?
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-metabolically required substance that can't be synthesized by an animal and must therefore be obtained from diet
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What are the 2 main classifications of vitamins?
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-water soluble vitamins
-fat soluble vitamins |
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What are the characteristics of water soluble vitamins?
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-not stored in body in appreciable amounts
---require constant replenishing through diet -surplus is washed out mainly through urine -safe - don't collect in toxic levels in the body |
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What are the water soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins:
C-citric acid, B1-thiamine, B2-riboflavin, B3-niacin, B5-pantothenic acid, B9-folic acid, B6-pyridoxine, B12-cobalamin, Cholin, Biotin |
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What are the characteristics of fat soluble vitamins?
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-stored in fat in body
-can easily accumulate to toxic levels -supplement should be done cautiously |
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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Vitamins:
A D E K |
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What is Rhodopsin?
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a vitamin A aldehyde - retinal linked w/ opsin - used in retina
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How do we get Vit A?
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B-carotenes and retinyl esters --> Retinol in gut --> stored in liver
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What are 4 chemical forms of vit A and their fxns?
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retinyl esters - storage
retinol - transport form - hormone of protein synthesis retinal - aldehyde form - binds opsin to form Rhodopsin - visual transduction -retinoic acid - formation of glycoproteins, maturation of epithelial cells (including conea epithelium) |
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What are some severe side effects of vit A deficiency?
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-early effect - loss of night vision (nyctalopia)
-hardening of conjuctiva w/ loss of conjuctival secretions (dry eyes) -keratomalacia - degeneration of the corneal epithelium |
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How much is too much vit A and what are some side effects?
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>10000IU
-increased gluconeogenesis and protein turnover -also abdominal pain, blurred vision, drowsiness, headache, irritability, nausea, vomiting |
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Which vitamins are coenzyme precursors?
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only water-soluble vitamins
-usually B1, B2, B6, B12 |
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What is the name of vit B1 and what happens in deficiency?
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Thiamine
deficiency called Beriberi --Fatal neurological disturbances ---pain, paralysis, atropy of limbs and/or edema -occasionally develops in alcoholics |
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What is the name of vit B2 and the coenzyme it is part of?
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riboflavin
FAD contains riboflavin |
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What is the name of vit B12, where its obtained from, and deficiencies?
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cobalamin - obtained mainly from meat
-deficiency called Pernicious Anemia ---elderly, decreased # of RBC, low hemoglobin levels, progressive neurological deterioration |
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What is Vit C used for in the eyes?
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Aqueous Humor - higher [ ] compared to blood
--antioxidant reservoir for lens Vitreous Humor - elevated levels from Aqueous |
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What are the fxns of vit C in the body (apart from the eye)?
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-helps form connective tissues - cartilage and tendons
-an antioxidant -protects cells from free radicals -good for immune system |
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What happens if you take too much vit C?
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upset stomach
kidney stones increased iron absorption |
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How is vit D formed?
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nonenzymatically in skin of animals through photolytic action of UV light
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What is the fxn of vit D?
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active vit D increases serum [Ca++] by promoting the intestinal absorption of dietary Ca++
--increases the deposition of Ca++ in bones and teeth |
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What is a deficiency for vit D?
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rickets (in children)
stunted growth, deformed bones (insufficient bone mineralization) |
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What side effects occur from too much vit D?
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vit D intoxication - high serum [Ca++] results in aberrant calcification of soft tissues and in the development of kidney stones
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What are the two kinds of minerals?
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-macrominerals - calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfur
-trace minerals - iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, selenium ---body only needs small amount |
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What role does calcium play in the body (macromineral)?
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-forming bones and teeth
-helps w/ blood clotting -muscle and nerve fxn |
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What can happen as a result of excessive intake?
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kidney stones, faulty kidney function, high blood [Ca], calcium deposits in soft tissue, decreased absorption of iron, zinc, and magnesium
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Why do we need iodine (trace mineral)?
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part of thyroid hormones
prevents goiters prevents birth defect called infantile myxedema |
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What can happen if you have too much iodine in your blood?
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increased Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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Why do we need iron (trace mineral)?
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part of hemoglobin, needed to make energy, supports immune system health, prevents one type of anemia
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What can happen if you take too much iron?
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upset stomach, constipation, diarrhea, dark stools, decreased absorption of zinc, calcium, and copper
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Why do we need magnesium (macromineral)?
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helps maintain normal muscle and nerve fxn
sustains regular heartbeat keeps bones strong helps produce energy |
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What can happen if you take too much magnesium?
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diarrhea, nausea, appetite loss, muscle weakness, trouble breathing, low blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, mental changes, kidney failure
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Why do we need zinc (trace mineral)?
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supports immune system
wound healing and tissue repair maintains sense of taste and smell helps digestion supports normal reproduction, growth, and development |
