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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biomolecule
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molecules synthesized by living organisms
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macromolecule
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polymers of certain biomolecules
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enzyme
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biomolecular catalyst
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metabolism
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the sum total of all reactions in a living organism
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homeostasis
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the ability of living organisms to regulate their metabolism regardless of their internal/external environments
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polypeptide
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polymer of amino acids
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peptide
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a polymer of up to 50 amino acids
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protein
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a polymer of more than 50 amino acids
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oligopeptide
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a polymer of up to 50 amino acids
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peptide bond
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amide linkage between adjacent amino acids
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standard amino acids
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20 amino acids commonly found in polypeptides - consist of R groups, an amine group, and a carboxyl group attached to an alpha carbon
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sugar
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basic unit of a carb
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monosaccharide
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simple sugar consisting of a single sugar molecule
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polysaccharide
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polymer of sugar molecules containing more than 20 monosaccharide units
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glucose
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6 carbon aldohexose sugar
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cellulose
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a polymer of glucose with beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
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nucleotide
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5 carbon sugar
nitrogenous base phosphate groups |
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purine
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bicyclic nitrogenous base
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pyrimidine
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monocyclic nitrogenous base
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nucleic acid
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polymer of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds
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transcription factor
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a class of proteins that bind to specific regulatory DNA sequences to regulate gene expression
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response element
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specific regulatory DNA sequence that transcriptions factors bind
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signal molecule
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molecule that binds to a receptor protein
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RNA interference
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mediated by siRNA to function as an antiviral defense
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nucleophile
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atom or group with an unshared pair of electrons that is involved in the displacement reaction
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electrophile
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an electron-deficient species
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Leaving group
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the outgoing nucleophile that leaves with its electron pair
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anhydride
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a molecule with two carbonyl groups linked through an oxygen atom
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energy
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the ability to do work
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coenzyme
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small molecules that function in association with enzymes as carriers of small molecular groups
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glycolysis
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a 10-reaction pathway that degrades glucose to two pyruvates to generate energy
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systems biology
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study of living organisms as integrated systems
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reductionism
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the belief that complex processes can be understood by examining their simpler parts
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Salt bridges
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ionic interactions between positively charged amino acid side groups
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Solvation spheres
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shells of water molecules formed by water around solutes
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Amphipathic/amphiphilic
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contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts (polar and nonpolar)
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Crenation vs hemolysis
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crenation - shrinking that results from hypertonic solution. Shriveled in plant cells, plasmolyzed in plant
hemolysis - swelling that may cause bursting from hypotonic solution. lysed in animals, turgid in plants |
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Buffers
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resist pH changes with the addition of H+ or OH- via Le Chatlier's Principle
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Acidosis vs alkalosis
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changes in pH of blood
Acidosis is below 7.35 Alkalosis is above 7.45 |
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Micelle
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formed when amphipathic molecules are mixed with water with the polar surface exposed to water and the nonpolar surface internalized
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State functions
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Traits that are independent of the state path
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Coupling
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Pairing of a non-spontaneous reaction with a spontaneous one to give a net negative Gibbs
For example the hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to bind glucose to phosphate |
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Isoelectric point
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pH at which charge is 0
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Relationship between pH vs pKa and acid vs conjugate base concentration
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When pH = pKa, concentration of acid is equivalent to conjugate base
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MOTIFS
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Supersecondary structure
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Oligomer vs Protomer
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Oligomers are polymers of protomers (polypeptide units)
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Allostery
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Regulation of protein binding by the binding of effector to a protein's allosteric site
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Modulation
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altering of a protein's shape as a result of allosteric regulation
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IUP
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Intrinsic Unstructured Proteins - lack of tertiary structure in isolated polypeptide form
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Natively Unfolded Proteins
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Proteins that have no ordered structure under physiological conditions
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Taut vs Relaxed
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Taut state is tense. Favored with low pH, high CO2 and high BPG concentrations. Increases affinity for Oxygen (causes cooperative binding)
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