Biochem Final Calorie Restriction

Front 1

Life Span
Life Expectancy
Healthy Life expectancy (HALE)

Back 1

Life Span: oldest in pop
Life Expectancy: average life
HALE: years with "full health"

Front 2

what factors increase HALE

Back 2

1. healthy weight
2. activity
3. eating right

Front 3

are life expectanciey dynamic

Back 3

yep, females used to die sooner bc of birthing, now they live longer bc men are stupid

**in general life expectancy has increased over the years

Front 4

what used to be top killers, what are they now?

Back 4

old: pnemonia, flu, TB, diarrhea (poor sanitation)

now: CVD, cancer, stroke (chronic disease)

Front 5

why else might women live longer than men (besides that men are stupid)

Back 5

estrogen decreases LDL, increases HDL

Front 6

what are 4 dietary guidlines to maximize HALE

Back 6

1. if your old supplement: D, Ca, B12

2. low Na

3. No nitrates (salt cured/smoked meat)

4. Low sat fats

Front 7

what group of ppl see the largest decline in health as they age

Back 7

sedentary ppl

Front 8

what diseases are assoc with over ntn

Back 8

OBESITY

Cancer
Athersclerosis/CVD
HTN
DM
Metabolic Syndrome

Front 9

what is one of the most important factors for longevity

Back 9

healthy weight

(healthy weight, activity, eat good foods)

Front 10

when BMI increases what happens to LDL, HDL, and CVD

Back 10

LDL, increase
HDL, decrease
CVD, increase

Front 11

can weight loss reduce HTN and the risks associated with it?

Back 11

yep!

BP and BMI increase together

**HTN increases risk of heart attack and stroke

Front 12

what does CR (without malnutrition do to aging)

Back 12

it slows aging

**cal decreased by 30% life expectancy increases 30%

*life expectancy is the average life span, life span is oldest in pop, HALE is healthy

Front 13

what is too much CR

Back 13

restriction avobe 50% is BAD,

benefits of resttriction seen when restriction is abotu 30-40%

Front 14

with CR somethings gotta give, what gives?

Back 14

reproductive ability

**use E for survival then when food is plentiful use it to make more babies

Front 15

wwhat does CR do to:
1. cholesterol
2. Fasting Blood Glucose
3. BP
4. Weight
5. Insulin

Back 15

1. cholesterol decrease
2. Fasting Blood Glucose decrease
3. BP decrease
4. Weight decrease
5. Insulin, decrease

Front 16

how does CR affect arthersclerosis

Back 16

decreases risk

**lower LDL, higher HDL

Front 17

is CR all fun and games

Back 17

NOPE, ppl are not happy when they dont eat!!!

1. fatigue
2. mm soreness
3. iritable,
4. hungry
5. depressed, not lively, no ambition
6. no laughing
7. intolerable to cold
8. couldnt even sneeze!!

Front 18

what happens to RMR on CR

Back 18

decreases

weight loss decreases RMR

Front 19

why do we think CR works metabolically (6)

Back 19

1. decreased ROS production/destruction
2. decreased glycation
3. increased protein turnover
4. decreased insulin signaling, IGF-1
5. Increased DNA repair
6. Increased SIR2 expression

Front 20

what happens to ROS production with CR, how?>

Back 20

decreased ROS production

*less calorie intake, less RMR, less action on ETC, ETC is a HUGE ROS producer

**also CR makes less proinflammatory macrophages which make ROS

Front 21

what happens to ROS degradation in CR, how?

Back 21

ROS destruction increases with CR

**increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalyase, glutathione. more antioxidant enzymes

Front 22

what 3 enzymes assoc with ROS are elevated in CR, what does this mean?

Back 22

1. superoxide dismutase
2. catalyase
3. glutathione

**more ROS degradation in CR bc of increased expression of antioxidant enzymes

Front 23

what does CR do to glycation

Back 23

decreases it, less hyperglycemia so less glycation, this is a good thign!!!

** no AGE's (advanced glycation end products)
** AGE's associated with ccataracts, A;zh, CVD, stroke, DM

Front 24

what is the mech that CR uses to reduce the indicences of:
cataracts
DM
CVD
Alzh
stroke

Back 24

decreased glycation
decreased AGE

**these diseases are ALL associated with AGE

**CR means no hyperglycemia so no glycation so no AGE no DM, CVD, SD, Stroke, cataracts

**macrophages kill AGE and make ROS doing so

Front 25

why does CR increase protein turnover

Back 25

the body is forced to canabolize proteins so it can be used for E,

bad/oxidized proteins are degraded and new ones are forced to be made

Front 26

how does CR affect gluconeogenesis?

Back 26

increases it

**break down protein to make glucose

**also seen in kwarsh

Front 27

why does the protein turnover in CR benefit the host

Back 27

bad/old proteins are bloken down and used to make glucose (gluconeogenesis) and new more robust ones are formed!

Front 28

what happens to Insulin and ILG-1 in CR, why? why is this beneficial

Back 28

decrease. no fed state no insulin


**Insulin/ILG-1 increase cell division and decreases apaptosis --> instability + mutations BAD

Front 29

are CR more or less likely to be IR

Back 29

less likely,

**CR mice are 4x more sensitive to insulin

Front 30

post mitotic tissues include
1
2
and they benefit from which aspect of CR

Back 30

sk mm
heart

increased protein turnover due to catabolism of protein for gluconeogenesis

Front 31

Mitotic tissue include
1
2
3

benefit from what aspect of CR

Back 31

lung
GI
liver

**decreased ILG-1 which increases apoptosis

Front 32

what mech turns over mitotic tissue, post mitotis

Back 32

mitotic: decreased ILG-1 which increases apoptosis

postmitotic: increased protein trunover due to catabolism for gluconeogenesis

Front 33

what is werner syndrome

Back 33

premature aging

**decreased PARP-1, PARP-1 does DNA repair, telomere maintainance, apoptosis

Front 34

how does CR affect SIR2

Back 34

increased SIR2 with CR, this decreases DNA utilization and increases life

Front 35

what gene does resveratrol turn on

Back 35

SIR2

**increased life expectancy

Front 36

what turns on SIR2, what turns it off

Back 36

ON: CR

OFF: over nutrition, increased insulin, increased ILG-1

Front 37

is SIR2 the sole mech behind prolonged life span in CR

Back 37

nope,

SIR2 knock out rats on CR also had an elevated life span. SIR2 is just the piece of the puzzle, not the whole picture

Front 38

what is moth balling of the DNA

Back 38

its packing it up tight!

Done by SIR2. SIR2 inactivates stem cell DNA by taking off acetly groups (deacetylation) so histones associate more closely with DNA and it cant be accessed

Front 39

what does SIR2 do to DNA

Back 39

it makes it transcriptionally inactive


histone deacetlyase, w/o acetly histones associate tightly with DNA and no transcription can occur