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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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major compounds of lipids
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fats and oils, sterols and steroids, and phospholipids
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What do lipids provide?
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energy, fat soluble vitamins, essential fatty acids, insulation and protection, cell membranes myelinated nerves
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What are lipids associated with?
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many chronic diseases
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lipid physical properties
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relatively insoluble in water, soluble in non-polar solvents
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simple lipids
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fatty acids esterified to various alcohol compounds
fats and oils (glycerol), waxes (large molecular weight monohydric alcohol) |
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complex lipids
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fatty acids esterified to various alcohol compounds along with other molecules
(phospholipids (glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids) glycolipids, lipoproteins |
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precursor and derived lipids
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fatty acids, glycerol, ceramide, sphongosine, steroids, ketone bodies, fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
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fatty acid definition
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hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid at carbon #1
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Where are fatty acids found?
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In esterified in natural foods and blood
as free fairy acids in blood bonded to aluminum (nonesterified fatty acids) |
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naturally occurring fatty acids
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Straight chains
contain an even number of carbon atoms chain can be saturated (no double bonds) or cis-unsaturated |
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What are odd need chains usually formed by?
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bacteria
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How are trans-fatty acids usually formed?
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by bacteria or the food industry
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What is nomenclature based on?
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parent hydrocarbon molecule with the same number and arrangement of carbon atoms
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saturated fatty acid suffix
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(alkane) -anoic acid
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unsaturated fatty acid suffix
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(alkene) -enoic acid
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carbon 1
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carboxylic acid carbon
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alpha carbon
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adjacent to carbon 1
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omega carbon
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terminal methyl carbon
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delta #
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Where the double carbon bond is
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omega #
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indicates first or only double band on X carbon counting from the omega carbon
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saturated fatty acids (4 examples)
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1. lauric acid (laurate) 12:0
2. myristic acid (myristate) 14:0 3. palmitic acid (palmitate) 16:0 4. stearic acid (stearate) 18:0 |
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monounsaturated fatty acids (3 examples)
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1. palmitolic acid (palmitoleate) 16:1 cis delta 9
2. oleic acid (oleate) 18:1 cis delta 9 3. elaidic acid (elaidate) 18:1 trans delta 9 |
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polyunsaturated fatty acids (5 examples)
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1. linoleic acid (linoleate) 18:2 all cis delta 9,12
2. alpha linoleic acid (a-linolenate) 18:3 all cis delta 9,12,15 3. arachidonic acid (arachidonate) 20:4 all cis delta 5,8,11,14 4. eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) 20:5 all cis delta 5,8,11,14,17 5. docosahexaenoid acid (dha) 22:6 all cis delta 4,7,10,13,16,19 |
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20 carbon PUFAs are precursors to eicosanoids (4 examples)
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1. prostaglandin
2. thromboxanes 3. leukotrienes 4. lipoxins |
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saturated fatty acids pattern
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Zig zag
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cis
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acyl chains are on the same side of a double bond (caused bending)
nearly all naturally occurring fatty acids |
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trans
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acyl chains are on opposite sides preventing bending
present in certain foods arise due due to certain partial saturation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in natural oils and by bacterial metabolism |
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polyunsaturated fatty acid structure
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natural double bonds are every three carbons apart
conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acids made by bacteria of ruminants have double bonds every other carbon apart |
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length of chain vs melting point
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The longer the chain the higher the melting point-solid at body temp
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unsaturation vs melting point
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The more unsaturated the lower the melting point- liquid at 0C
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unsaturated fats tend to be
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liquid (oils)
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longer saturated fats are
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solid (fat)
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fats and oils
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3 fatty acids eaterified to glycerol (also called triglycerides)
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