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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Catabolic rxn |
Throw downward rxn that yield cellular energy fuel to CO2 + H2O + energy |
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Anabolic rxn |
throw upward rxn that need cellular energy energy + simple molecules to complex molecules
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ATP |
composed of adenine, ribose, triphosphate unit energy contained in two phosphoanhydride bonds coupled to rxn with higher energy potential burning of glucose results in ATP production |
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NAD+ |
electron acceptor reactive site: nicotinamide ring derived from niacin (vitamin B) 2 electrons + 1 proton for ATP production |
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FAD |
reactive site: isoalloxazine ring derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2) 2 electrons + 2 protons |
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NADPH |
electron donor high levels of NADPH for anabolism high levels of NAD+ for catabolism phosphoryl group acts as a tag for enzymes to distinguish between NADPH and NAD+ |
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Coenzyme A |
A large molecule that helps enzymes move C groups around Acyl donor = carbon groups reactive site= terminal sulfydryl group forms thioester bonds requires pathothenate (vitamin b5) |
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oxidation - reduction |
controlled burning of sugar for energy oxidation of carbon compound yields useful energy |
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ligation |
using ATP to build things form bonds by using free energy from ATP cleavage (used to build larger molecules) |
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isomerization |
rearranging atoms with a molecule isomer: same chemical formula, different arrangement of side groups |
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group transfer |
moving one part of a molecule to another |
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lyases |
using formation or destruction of double bonds to break or make molecules removal of functional groups from single bond to form db addition of functional groups to db to form single bonds
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three ways to regulate metabolism |
control the amount of enzyme regulate the enzyme control the flow of substrate and product |
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Control amount of enzyme (regulation of metabolism) |
determine rate of synthesis & degradation adjusted by rate of transcription of gene to mRNA
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control catalytic activity (regulation of metabolism) |
enzyme activity modulated by presence of substrate, product, or energy state of cell reversible covalent modification
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Functions of Carbs |
energy- energy source, storage form of energy, spare use of other molecules for energy structural- components of DNA/DNA, components of cells walls (bacteria & plants), exoskeleton (insects), cell membranes (animals), linked to many proteins and lipids mechanical- dietary fiber
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Monosaccharides |
smallest unit of carbs classified according to number of C atoms ex: glucose
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Discaccharides |
two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds ex: lactose |
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Oligosaccharides |
3- 10 monosaccarides |
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Polysaccharides |
> 10 monosaccarides |
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Structure of monosaccarides |
carbon chains have two or more hydroxy groups either aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose) generic name based on C number |
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Aldose |
aldehyde connected to H ex: glyceraldehyde, D- ribose, d-glucose, d-galactose |
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ketose |
ketone attached to two C groups ex: dihydroxyacetone, D- fructose |
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Stereoisomers |
have same chemical formula but different structure ex: enantiomers and diasteroisomers
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enantiomers |
stereoisomer non-superimposable mirror images ex: D & L |
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epimers |
differ ar one of several asymmetric C atoms diastereoisomer |
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anomers |
isomers that differ at a new asymmetric C atom f formed on ring closure diastereoisomer ex: beta d- glucopyranose |
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glycosidic bonds |
O-glycosidic bond: bond between anomeric C of a sugar and hydroxyl O of an alcohol N- glycosidic bond: bond between anomeric C of a sugar & nitrogen atom of an anime
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Glycogen (polysaccharides) |
made of glucose 1,4= long chain 1,6= branches off chain to make molecule even longer |
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glycoproteins |
composed of carbohydrate and protein glycosidic bond: O-linkage with serene or threonine N-linkage with asparagine |
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glycoprotein |
simple sugar chains on protein (protein is the major component)
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proteoglycans |
type of glycoprotein most complex, majority of mass is glycoaminoglycan (major component in carbs) able to bind to large amounts of water shock absorbers (cartilage & joint fluid) froms fel-like matrix that supports cellular and fibrous components of tissue mediate cell to cell signaling and adhesion |
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Mucins |
type of glycoprotein lubricants |
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proteoglycans structure |
predominately carbohydrate with core protein glycosaminoglycan linear chains can be as long as 100 monosaccharides contain large number of negative charges chains separated by charge repulsion
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glycolipid function |
immune recognition of the cell predominantly in cell membranes of brain and peripheral nervous system (high conc of myelin) anchor cell-adhesion molecules: regulate cellular interactions, growth and development cell surface receptors for certain toxins, viruses, and microbes
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lectins |
protein that recognize carbohydrate structures main facilitate cell-cell contact (due to weak non- covalent interactions that lead to specific bonding & strong composite) diff classes based on aa sequence |
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Digestion of Carbs |
process of making food absorbable by mechanically and enzymatically breaking down complex organic macromolecules into simpler chemical compounds only mono saccharides can be absorbed not all carbs are digestible (fiber) |
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Digestion of polysaccharides |
alpha-amylase digests polysac into oligosacc secreted from salivary glands & pancreas into the GI tract cleaves alpha 1,4 bonds but not at ends cannot cleave alpha 1,6 bonds |
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Lactase |
Digestion of olgiosaccharides (3-10 mono) digests lactose to glucose to galactose
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glucoamylase |
Digestion of olgiosaccharides (3-10 mono)(maltase or glucosidase) digest alpha 1,4 bonds of oligo up to 9 monomers in length |
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sucrase |
Digestion of olgiosaccharides (3-10 mono)digests sucrose to glucose and fructose |
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isomaltase |
Digestion of olgiosaccharides (3-10 mono) also called dextrinase digest alpha 1,4 and 1,6 bonds |
