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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomy |
studies the structure of the body & their relationships to one another. |
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physiology |
concerns the function of the body, how the body parts work & carry out their life-sustaining activities. |
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gross, or macroscopic, anatomy |
study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, & kidneys. |
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regional anatomy |
all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time. |
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systemic anatomy |
body structure is studied system by system. |
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surface anatomy |
the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. |
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microscopic anatomy |
deals with structure too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
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cytology |
deals with the cells in the body. |
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histology |
deals with the study of tissues. |
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developmental anatomy |
traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. |
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embryology |
a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental developmental changes that occur before birth. |
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pathological anatomy |
structural changes caused by disease. |
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radiographic anatomy |
studies internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or scanning procedures. |
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molecular biology |
structure of biological molecules (chemical substances) is investigated. |
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palpitation |
feeling organs with hands |
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auscultation |
listening to organs with a stethoscope |
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renal physiology |
concerns kidney function and urine production. |
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neurophysiology |
the working of the nervous system. |
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cardiovascular physiology |
the operation of the heart & blood vessels. |
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chemical level |
simplest level of hierarchy in human body; atoms, tiny tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules suck as water and proteins. |
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cellular level |
cells are the smallest units of living things; all cells have common functions, vary in size & shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body. |
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organ level |
complex functions become possible; stomach, liver, etc. |
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organ system |
organs that work together to accomplish a similar purpose; heart & blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system. |
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organismal level |
the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life. |
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maintain its bounaries |
so its internal enviroment (inside) remains distinct from external enviroment surrounding it (outside). |
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movement |
promoted by muscular system, such as propelling ourselves by running or swimming. |
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contractility |
on the cellular level; the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening. |
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responsiveness, or irritability |
the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the enviroment & then respond to them. |
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digestion |
the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood. |
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metabolism |
"a state of change" includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. |
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excretion |
the process of removing excreta, or waste, from the body. |
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reproduction |
can occur in cellular & organismal level.
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growth |
increase in the size of a part or the organism. |
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nutrients |
taken in via diet, chemical substances used for energy & cell building. |
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oxygen |
approx. 20% of the air we breathe is oxygen. Because the chemical reaction that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that require oxygen, human cells can survive only 2 minutes without oxygen. |
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water |
accounts for 60%-80% of body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. |
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normal body temp. |
As body temp. drops below 37C (98.6F), metabolic reactions become slower & slower, & finally stop. When body temp. is too high, chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace & body proteins lose their characteristic shape & stop functioning. At either either extreme death occurs. |
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atmospheric pressure |
the force that air exerts on the surface of the body. |
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homeostasis |
describes the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continually. |
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receptor |
The first component; is some type of sensor that monitors the enviroment & responds to changes, called stimuli, by sending input to the control center. |
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control center |
the second component; determines the set point, analyses the input it receives& then determines the appropriate response or course of action. |
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effector |
the third component; provides the means for the controls center's response (output) to the stimulus. |
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negative feedback mechanisms |
The output shuts off original stimulus or reduces its intensity. |
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positive feedback mechanisms |
the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the activity (output) is accelerated. |
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homeostatic imbalance |
homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance. |
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anatomical position |
the body is erect with feet slightly apart. |
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directional terms |
allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another |
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axial part |
makes up the main axis of our bod, includes the head, neck, & trunk. |
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appendicular part |
consists of the appendages, or limbs, that are attached to the axis. |
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sagittal plane |
a vertical plane that divides the body into right & left parts. |
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median plane, or midsagittal plane |
a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline. |
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parasagittal planes (para= near) |
all the other sagittal planes, offset from the midline. |
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frontal planes, or coronal plane |
Like sagittal planes, lie vertically. Divide into anterior and posterior parts. |
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transverse, or horizontal, plane (also called a cross section) |
runs horizontally from left to right, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. |
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oblique sections |
cuts made diagonally between the horizontal & vertical planes. |
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dorsal body cavitiy |
protects the fragile nervous system organs & has two subdivisions, the cranial & the vertebral cavities. |
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cranial cavity |
The skull, encases the brain. |
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vertebral cavity, or spinal |
encloses the delicate spinal cord, & runs down the bony vertebral column. |
