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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organism definition |
An individual living thing |
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Characteristics of living things |
Metabolism Reproduction Homeostasis Adaptation Respond to change |
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Homeostasis |
Ability to maintain internal conditions (i.e. ph level, temperature, etc)
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How are organisms classified? |
Based on physical, genetic and evolutionary differences |
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What is Bionomial Nomenclature |
System name to describe an organism. Made up of a Genus and species |
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Hierarchical naming vs Caldistics? |
Hierarchical naming is based off evolutionary and physical relationships Cladistics is more complex and in depth grouping based on shared characteristics or ancestory. |
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Three domains of Organisms? |
Eukaryote Bacteria Archaea |
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Distinguishing Characteristics of each domain? |
Eukaryote - contain nucleus Bacteria - No nucleus, single celled Archaea- single celled |
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Organisms with a nucleus? |
Eukaryote |
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Organisms with no nucleus? |
Bacteria
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Define outgroup (give example too) |
A clade that is not closely related to others in the same cladogram |
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Characteristics of eukaryotes |
Contain nucleus, single or multi cellular |
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What are the standard four kingdoms of Eukarya |
Animalia Protista Plant Fungi |
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Examples and characteristics of Protista |
Does not fit in any other kingdom Most are single celled |
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Examples and characteristics of Fungi |
Cell wall made of chitin
Mainly immobile Must eat and digest food Single celled to massive |
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Examples and characteristics of Plantae |
Cell wall made of cellulose
Generally immobile Multicellular Photosynthesis to gain energy |
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Examples and characteristics of Anamalia |
Multicellular
Mobile Must eat and digest food No cell wall Humans, lion, dog |
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Differences between Autotroph and heterotroph |
Autotroph - have to produce their own food (photosynthesis) Heterotroph - depend on others for food (digestion) |
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Differences between Invertebrates and vertebrates |
Vertebrates - have a backbone or spinal column (fish, bird, mammals) Invertebrates - do not have a backbone or spinal column (spider, crab, lobster) |
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Differences between Ectothermics and endotherms |
Ectothermic - can not control internal body temp. Can use behavior to adjust their temperature (example, by stunning) Endothermic - can keep their internal body temp constant regardless of external temp |
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Characteristics and examples of Amphibians? |
Require water Vertebrates Ectothermic, tetrapod |
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Examples and characteristics of Reptiles |
Ectothermic, tetrapod Three-chambered hearts Lay amniotic eggs (can be laid on land) |
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Examples and characteristics of Birds? |
Endothermic, tetrapod Lack teeth, hvae a beak instead Have feathers Four-chambered heart |
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Examples and characteristics of Mammals |
Endothermic, tetrapod Veterbrate Produce milk Four-chambered heart |
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Define allele |
Different nucleotide sequence for the same gene example, pink hair, yellow hair (specific) |
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How are genetics and evolution connect? |
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Define genotype |
The specific allele of a gene that an individual organism has |
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Define phenotype |
Physical trait of a gene
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Define homozygous |
2 copies of the same allele
AA , bb, BB, aa |
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Define heterozygous |
2 different alleles Aa , Bb |
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Define recessive |
Aa a is the recessive |
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Define dominant |
Aa
A is the dominant |
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Definie codominance |
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Define incomplete dominance |
Two alleles both expressed but neither is dominant over the other AB, ab |
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Process of natural selection |
When reproduction occurs and the most fit trait is passed on to adapt to an environment |
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What conditions are necessary for natural selection? (characteristics?) |
Competition for resources Difference in reproductive success Organisms must adapt to change |
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Examples of natural selection |
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What does genetic variability have to do with natural selection |
Genetic variability increases the genetic diversity of individuals in a population. It creates new combinatinos of traits |
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Evolution through means other than through natural selection? (w examples) |
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Describe and give example of Directional Selection |
One extreme phenotype resulting in greater fitness Giraffe neck - longer is better to reach higher trees |
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Describe and give example of Stabilizing selection |
Intermediate phenitype provides the greatest level of fitness. Both extremes are not beneficial Human birth weight. Must be in a specific range to be a healthy delivery |
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Describe and give example of Disruptive |
Both extremes provide the best level of fitness Mouse. White mouse on white background/Black mouse on black background |
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Biological definition of a species? |
Group of individuals with common physical characteristics that are capable of breeding with each other |
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What are some of the drawbacks the definition of species? |
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Define and provide example of Genetic drift |
When individuals die without reproducing in large amounts i.e. Natural disaster, drought, or just not reproducing |
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Define and provide example of Gene flow |
Boston -> NY Movement of alleles from one population to another. Creates the most diversity |
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Define and provide example of Founder effect |
Individual or small group migrating to a new population. They produce and can possibly have a huge impact on the gene pool |
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Examplain how natural selection can interact with, but is different from genetic drift, gene flow, and the founder effect |
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Examples of potential barriers to gene flow |
Highways, fence, mountain, ocean, buildings |
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Drawbacks to low population size? |
Less chance of being able to fight off a disease Increased change of reproducing two recessive alleles |
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Why is low genetic diversity a problem? |
Less diversity, lower chance of fighting off a disease, less flexibility about lifestyle |
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What is the minimal viable population for most species? |
1,000 |
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Define sexual selection |
Directional selection of mating between male or female
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How does sexual selection tend to work in males and females (difference) |
Males - more extreme, exaggerated, dominance/fitness, appear in sexually mature individuals
Females - more selective in who they choose |
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Explain and give examples of secondary sexual characteristics |
Bright red feathers Two male lions fighting eachother Elaborate horns/antlers |
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Advantages and disadvantages of secondary sexual characteristics |
Advantage- Often enhance the chance of mating Disadvantage - Takes a lot of energy to fight and grow antlers/horns. Injuries |
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Potential trade-offs of secondary sexual characteristics |
Stronger and more healthier trait being passed on |
