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230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Muscular system has how many functions and what are they?
|
three 1) movement 2) maintains posture 3) heat production
|
|
|
There are how many muscle types and what are they?
|
three 1) Skeletal 2) cardiac 3) smooth
|
|
|
Which muscle attaches to bones, is striated and has voluntary movement?
|
Skeletal -- biceps -- multi-nuclei
|
|
|
Which muscle is striated and has involuntary movement?
|
Cardiac -- heart -- single nucleus
|
|
|
Which muscle is non-striated and has involuntary movement?
|
Smooth -- organs, blood & lymph vessels -- single nucleus
|
|
|
One muscle cell is equal to?
|
one muscle fiber
|
|
|
What is a muscle?
|
a long cylinder/tube full of protein
|
|
|
What is fascia?
|
white connective tissue that connect skin to underlying muscle there are three types.
|
|
|
What is superficial fascia?
|
it attaches skin to underlying muscles
|
|
|
What is deep fascia?
|
it's in muscle in around the tissue
|
|
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What is subserous fascia?
|
deep in muscle tissue
|
|
|
Myo and sacro mean?
|
muscle
|
|
|
The cell membrane made of two rows of fat proteins is called?
|
sarcolemma cell membrane of muscle
|
|
|
Each row of myofilament form a ____?
|
myofibril which is made of myosin: thick myofilament | actin: thin myofilament | z-lines
|
|
|
An H-band is made of ?
|
Pure myosin, no actin
|
|
|
An I-band is made of?
|
pure actin, no myosin
|
|
|
An A-band is made of?
|
actin and myosin
|
|
|
A sarcomere is ?
|
one unit of z-line to z-line
|
|
|
A row of sarcomere make a?
|
myofibril
|
|
|
A whole bunch of myofibril make a?
|
muscle fiber
|
|
|
Tendons attach ___________?
|
muscle to bone
|
|
|
Ligaments attach __________?
|
bone to bone it is a type of connective tissue
|
|
|
Epimysium is ________?
|
[epi:upon mys:muscle ium:membrane] around the whole muscle outer membrane type of connective tissue, non-contractile moves with the whole muscle
|
|
|
Endomysium is ____?
|
connective tissue filler between muscle fiber
|
|
|
Perimysium is ______?
|
connective tissue membrane between the fascicle
|
|
|
Isotropic means?
|
same
|
|
|
Anisotropic means?
|
without same
|
|
|
Which band is missing when a muscle contracts?
|
H-band
|
|
|
A muscle contraction is also known as ____?
|
muscle shortening
|
|
|
Ca++ is stored in the __________?
|
sacroplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
The main reason we store Ca is _____?
|
muscle contraction
|
|
|
Any cell at rest has a _____ charge on the outside and a ________ charge on the inside.
|
positive | negative
|
|
|
Myosin is the _______ for muscle.
|
ATPase
|
|
|
Motor unit is __________?
|
point where nerve almost touches muscle fiber ~ 10 to 500 fibers per motor unit {39:14 apr22}
|
|
|
The body can store only so much ATP energy, when the body is filled with ATP it combines with _____ to create _________?
|
creatine ; creatinephosphate + ADP (inactivity(rest))
|
|
|
ATP + creatine ----->(inactivity: rest) creatinephosphate + ADP is _______?
|
another energy source
|
|
|
During strenuous exercise after ATP is burned up the body will breakdown creatinephospate + ADP -------> to make ?
|
ATP + creatine
|
|
|
What is the 'all or none' principle of muscle contraction?
|
muscle contract maximally or none at all; no such thing as a single muscle contraction
|
|
|
What is a muscle twitch?
|
single response to a single stimulus
|
|
|
What is muscle tetany?
|
a sustain contraction like a muscle cramp
|
|
|
What is muscle treppe?
|
The muscle warming up first contraction of the day, the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation, Looks like a staircase
|
|
|
What is muscle tonus?
|
a sustained partial contraction, or alternate contraction and relaxation of neighboring fibers of a group of muscles hold the organ or the part of the body in a neutral functional position without fatigue one set of muscle fibers contracting, essential for many normal body functions, such as holding the spine erect, the eyes open, and the jaw closed
|
|
|
What is the refractory period?
|
period of time when chemicals are not where they are supposed to be
|
|
|
What is summation?
|
accumulation of sub-threshold stimuli in quick sections(intervals), the process by which multiple or repeated stimuli can produce a response in a nerve, muscle, or other part that one stimulus alone cannot produce
|
|
|
What is constant rotation?
|
muscle fiber taking turns contracting, not all fibers contract
|
|
|
Pons
|
regulate respiratory system, 1st bump Upper Pons –pneumotaxic center, facilitates expiration ( breath out) Lower Pons – apneustic center , facilitates inspiration (breathe in)
|
|
|
Upper Pons
|
pneumotaxic center, facilitates expiration ( breath out)
|
|
|
Lower Pons
|
apneustic center , facilitates inspiration (breathe in)
|
|
|
Frontal lobe
|
personality-- primary emotional center, behavior, and motor speech (left frontal brocas area) common area for strokes
|
|
|
Parietal lobe
|
sensory interpretation (interprets visual association)
|
|
|
Occipital lobe
|
vision picture image
|
|
|
Temporal lobe
|
learning, memory and hearing
|
|
|
Medulla oblongata
|
frontside (anterior) 3 vital reflex center- 1.cardiac- controls heart 2. Respiratory -depth & rate of breathing works w/Pons 3. Vasomotor- blood vessel size, vasoconstriction (thin) vasodilatation wide non-vital centers swallowing, yawning coughing hiccupping sneezing vomiting --- posterior side – 2 large sensory areas , receive sensory neurons f/spinal cord
|
|
|
Medulla oblongata --- frontside (anterior) 3 vital reflex center
|
1.cardiac- controls heart 2. Respiratory -depth & rate of breathing works w/Pons 3. Vasomotor- blood vessel size, vasoconstriction (thin) vasodilatation wide non-vital centers swallowing, yawning coughing hiccupping sneezing vomiting ---
|
|
|
Medulla oblongata posterior side
|
2 large sensory areas , receive sensory neurons f/spinal cord
|
|
|
Why neuronal regeneration is possible in the PNS neurons but not in CNS neurons
|
because neurons in the CNS have no neurilemma
|
|
|
Parkinsonism
|
the inability to produce enough dopamine
|
|
|
MS multiple sclerosis
|
the degeneration of myelin, slows it down to have no effect
|
|
|
Cerebral palsy
|
damage to motor areas of the brain; if mother has German measles during 1st three months of pregnancy or during birth
|
|
|
Poliomyelitis
|
caused by virus that affects motor areas of the spinal cord
|
|
|
Forms of paralysis
|
quadriplegia, paraplegia, hemiplegia
|
|
|
quadriplegia
|
inability to move from neck down all four limbs
|
|
|
Paraplegia
|
inability to move from waist down lower limbs (leg)
|
|
|
Hemiplegia
|
inability to move the right or left side of body
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
group of nerve cells of the central nervous system having a common function, such as supporting the sense of hearing or smell
|
|
|
Telodendria
|
storages Ach (acetylcholine) the tail of all neurons containing neurotransmitter substances
|
|
|
Neurilemma
|
only in nerve cells outside the brain & sc; the outermost layer of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of a myelinated nerve cell; Schwann cells continually wrap around axon pushing the nucleus of the Schwann cells out of the cell body forming another layer
|
|
|
Dendrites
|
branched extension of a nerve cell neuron that receives electrical signals from other neurons and conducts those signals to the cell body
|
|
|
Cell body
|
portion of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus but does not incorporate the dendrites or axon
|
|
|
Axon
|
an extension of a nerve cell, similar in shape to a thread that transmits impulses outward from the cell body
|
|
|
3 types of neurons:
|
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
|
|
|
Neuromuscular junction
|
the junction between a nerve and a muscle fibers because nerves do not touch muscles
|
|
|
Creatine phosphate
|
inactivity rest ATP + creatine make creatine phosphate + ADP which is another energy source used/released during strenuous exercise after ATP is burned up; amino acid that provides energy to muscle
|
|
|
how many spinal nerves
|
31 pairs
|
|
|
spinal taps are done
|
between L3 -L5 vertebra but mainly L4-L5 vertebra
|
|
|
spinal cord ends at
|
L2 vertebra
|
|
|
List three layers of the spinal meninges and the spaces associated with each
|
duramater, arachnoid, piamater and the spaces associated with each meninges epidural, subdural, subarachnoid
|
|
|
epidural space
|
is the space between the Duramater and bone
|
|
|
Duramater
|
(protective) durable, tough white fibrous tissue
|
|
|
subdural space
|
is the space between the duramater and the arachniod
|
|
|
Arachnoid
|
delicate, spiderweb look, vascular
|
|
|
subarachnoid space
|
is the space between the arachniod and piamater
|
|
|
Piamater
|
very thin delicate covering on the surface of spinal cord
|
|
|
what do the mengines do?
|
it protects and nurish the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
what does CSF stand for and what is it?
|
cerebrospinal fluid; it is a clear watery fluid formed by filteration of blood in the ventricles of the brain, serves as a shockabsorber and nurishes, used as a diagnostic test
|
|
|
Why is the spinal tap done?
|
to diagnose disease, administer anesthesia, relieve pressure for those that have to much spinal fluid or relieve brain pressure, administer drugs -- antibiotics & pain med
|
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves and cranial nerves do we have?
|
31 pairs of spinal and 12 cranial
|
|
|
Which cranial nerve branches most extensively throughout the body
|
vagus nerve - cranial nerve X
|
|
|
What is the largest nerve in the body?
|
sciatic nerve
|
|
|
nerve impules are?
|
undirectional
|
|
|
All synapse start at the axon the end of the axon simulates the next nerve cell there are 3 types of synapse?
|
axodendritic (stimulates dendrites), axosomatic (stimulates cell body), axoaxomic (stimulates axon)
|
|
|
The tail of the spinal cord is called?
|
conus medullaris
|
|
|
The horse-like end of the spinal cord
|
cauda equina
|
|
|
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
|
it is the space between jumping myelin
|
|
|
What forms only myelin sheath in the CNS?
|
oligodendrocyets (oligo-few, denro-tree, cytes-cells) type of neuroglia
|
|
|
Neuroglia are?
|
supportive cells
|
|
|
The forebrain is?
|
the cerebrum
|
|
|
The midbrain is ?
|
then pons, brain-stem, and medulla oblongata it is considered the primitive part of the brain
|
|
|
what is the limbic system?
|
a group of specific basal nuclei helps control; subconscious muscle movement the emotional visceral brain
|
|
|
What does the pituary gland do?
|
receives instructons from the hypothalamus to release antidievtic
|
|
|
cerebral peduncles are?
|
two anterior tracts convey ascending and descending impules
|
|
|
corpora quadrigemina are ?
|
4 rounded bodies in the posterior of the midbrain
|
|
|
explain the 4 major processes of retinal image formation? what enables you to see
|
1. reflections of light rays 2. accommodation of lens 3. pupil constriction/dilation[regulates how much light you get] 4) convergence of eyeball
|
|
|
name the 4 medias of light refraction, in the order light is refracted
|
1)cornea 2) aqueous humor 3)lens (muscle control) 4)vitreous humor (upside down & backwards)
|
|
|
how do rods and cones differ in function
|
rods are used for night vision which show movements & shapes not for color vision | cones patched in one dense area called central fovea for color and visual acuity (sharpness of vision)
|
|
|
what is conjunctivitis?
|
inflammation of the conjunctiva ( mucus membrane of the eyelid and eyeball)
|
|
|
what are catarats?
|
opacity of lens build up of protein
|
|
|
what is glaucoma?
|
build up of aqueous humor can lead to blindness
|
|
|
what is myopia?
|
nearsightedness, perfectly focused on the eyeball to long, refractal power of ciliary muscle to strong
|
|
|
what is hyperopia?
|
farsightedness, perfectly focused behind retina to short ciliary muscle has poor power not strong enough
|
|
|
what is presbyopia?
|
old sightedness ciliary muscle waers out
|
|
|
What is astigmatism?
|
irregularity of corena or lens; cornea is not smooth distortion of cornea or lens
|
|
|
external ear
|
pinna --> external auditory meatus lined with cerumin (earwax) --> tympanic membrane (eardrum)
|
|
|
middle ear
|
vibrates the ossicles (3 malleus, incus, stapes) stapes carry sound to the inner ear
|
|
|
inner ear
|
cochlea (hearing) fluid carries sound to inner ear = organ of Cori has hair cells and membrane hearing part = vestibulo for balance --> cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear nreve for balance and hearing --> ampula and semicircular canals
|
|
|
Muscular system has how many functions and what are they?
|
three 1) movement 2) maintains posture 3) heat production
|
|
|
There are how many muscle types and what are they?
|
three 1) Skeletal 2) cardiac 3) smooth
|
|
|
Which muscle attaches to bones, is striated and has voluntary movement?
|
Skeletal -- biceps -- multi-nuclei
|
|
|
Which muscle is striated and has involuntary movement?
|
Cardiac -- heart -- single nucleus
|
|
|
Which muscle is non-striated and has involuntary movement?
|
Smooth -- organs, blood & lymph vessels -- single nucleus
|
|
|
One muscle cell is equal to?
|
one muscle fiber
|
|
|
What is a muscle?
|
a long cylinder/tube full of protein
|
|
|
What is fascia?
|
white connective tissue that connect skin to underlying muscle there are three types.
|
|
|
What is superficial fascia?
|
it attaches skin to underlying muscles
|
|
|
What is deep fascia?
|
it's in muscle in around the tissue
|
|
|
What is subserous fascia?
|
deep in muscle tissue
|
|
|
Myo and sacro mean?
|
muscle
|
|
|
The cell membrane made of two rows of fat proteins is called?
|
sarcolemma cell membrane of muscle
|
|
|
Each row of myofilament form a ____?
|
myofibril which is made of myosin: thick myofilament | actin: thin myofilament | z-lines
|
|
|
An H-band is made of ?
|
Pure myosin, no actin
|
|
|
An I-band is made of?
|
pure actin, no myosin
|
|
|
An A-band is made of?
|
actin and myosin
|
|
|
A sarcomere is ?
|
one unit of z-line to z-line
|
|
|
A row of sarcomere make a?
|
myofibril
|
|
|
A whole bunch of myofibril make a?
|
muscle fiber
|
|
|
Tendons attach ___________?
|
muscle to bone
|
|
|
Ligaments attach __________?
|
bone to bone it is a type of connective tissue
|
|
|
Epimysium is ________?
|
[epi:upon mys:muscle ium:membrane] around the whole muscle outer membrane type of connective tissue, non-contractile moves with the whole muscle
|
|
|
Endomysium is ____?
|
connective tissue filler between muscle fiber
|
|
|
Perimysium is ______?
|
connective tissue membrane between the fascicle
|
|
|
Isotropic means?
|
same
|
|
|
Anisotropic means?
|
without same
|
|
|
Which band is missing when a muscle contracts?
|
H-band
|
|
|
A muscle contraction is also known as ____?
|
muscle shortening
|
|
|
Ca++ is stored in the __________?
|
sacroplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
The main reason we store Ca is _____?
|
muscle contraction
|
|
|
Any cell at rest has a _____ charge on the outside and a ________ charge on the inside.
|
positive | negative
|
|
|
Myosin is the _______ for muscle.
|
ATPase
|
|
|
Motor unit is __________?
|
point where nerve almost touches muscle fiber ~ 10 to 500 fibers per motor unit {39:14 apr22}
|
|
|
The body can store only so much ATP energy, when the body is filled with ATP it combines with _____ to create _________?
|
creatine ; creatinephosphate + ADP (inactivity(rest))
|
|
|
ATP + creatine ----->(inactivity: rest) creatinephosphate + ADP is _______?
|
another energy source
|
|
|
During strenuous exercise after ATP is burned up the body will breakdown creatinephospate + ADP -------> to make ?
|
ATP + creatine
|
|
|
What is the 'all or none' principle of muscle contraction?
|
muscle contract maximally or none at all; no such thing as a single muscle contraction
|
|
|
What is a muscle twitch?
|
single response to a single stimulus
|
|
|
What is muscle tetany?
|
a sustain contraction like a muscle cramp
|
|
|
What is muscle treppe?
|
The muscle warming up first contraction of the day, the gradual increase in muscular contraction following rapidly repeated stimulation, Looks like a staircase
|
|
|
What is muscle tonus?
|
a sustained partial contraction, or alternate contraction and relaxation of neighboring fibers of a group of muscles hold the organ or the part of the body in a neutral functional position without fatigue one set of muscle fibers contracting, essential for many normal body functions, such as holding the spine erect, the eyes open, and the jaw closed
|
|
|
What is the refractory period?
|
period of time when chemicals are not where they are supposed to be
|
|
|
What is summation?
|
accumulation of sub-threshold stimuli in quick sections(intervals), the process by which multiple or repeated stimuli can produce a response in a nerve, muscle, or other part that one stimulus alone cannot produce
|
|
|
What is constant rotation?
|
muscle fiber taking turns contracting, not all fibers contract
|
|
|
Pons
|
regulate respiratory system, 1st bump Upper Pons –pneumotaxic center, facilitates expiration ( breath out) Lower Pons – apneustic center , facilitates inspiration (breathe in)
|
|
|
Upper Pons
|
pneumotaxic center, facilitates expiration ( breath out)
|
|
|
Lower Pons
|
apneustic center , facilitates inspiration (breathe in)
|
|
|
Frontal lobe
|
personality-- primary emotional center, behavior, and motor speech (left frontal brocas area) common area for strokes
|
|
|
Parietal lobe
|
sensory interpretation (interprets visual association)
|
|
|
Occipital lobe
|
vision picture image
|
|
|
Temporal lobe
|
learning, memory and hearing
|
|
|
Medulla oblongata
|
frontside (anterior) 3 vital reflex center- 1.cardiac- controls heart 2. Respiratory -depth & rate of breathing works w/Pons 3. Vasomotor- blood vessel size, vasoconstriction (thin) vasodilatation wide non-vital centers swallowing, yawning coughing hiccupping sneezing vomiting --- posterior side – 2 large sensory areas , receive sensory neurons f/spinal cord
|
|
|
Medulla oblongata --- frontside (anterior) 3 vital reflex center
|
1.cardiac- controls heart 2. Respiratory -depth & rate of breathing works w/Pons 3. Vasomotor- blood vessel size, vasoconstriction (thin) vasodilatation wide non-vital centers swallowing, yawning coughing hiccupping sneezing vomiting ---
|
|
|
Medulla oblongata posterior side
|
2 large sensory areas , receive sensory neurons f/spinal cord
|
|
|
Why neuronal regeneration is possible in the PNS neurons but not in CNS neurons
|
because neurons in the CNS have no neurilemma
|
|
|
Parkinsonism
|
the inability to produce enough dopamine
|
|
|
MS multiple sclerosis
|
the degeneration of myelin, slows it down to have no effect
|
|
|
Cerebral palsy
|
damage to motor areas of the brain; if mother has German measles during 1st three months of pregnancy or during birth
|
|
|
Poliomyelitis
|
caused by virus that affects motor areas of the spinal cord
|
|
|
Forms of paralysis
|
quadriplegia, paraplegia, hemiplegia
|
|
|
quadriplegia
|
inability to move from neck down all four limbs
|
|
|
Paraplegia
|
inability to move from waist down lower limbs (leg)
|
|
|
Hemiplegia
|
inability to move the right or left side of body
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
group of nerve cells of the central nervous system having a common function, such as supporting the sense of hearing or smell
|
|
|
Telodendria
|
storages Ach (acetylcholine) the tail of all neurons containing neurotransmitter substances
|
|
|
Neurilemma
|
only in nerve cells outside the brain & sc; the outermost layer of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of a myelinated nerve cell; Schwann cells continually wrap around axon pushing the nucleus of the Schwann cells out of the cell body forming another layer
|
|
|
Dendrites
|
branched extension of a nerve cell neuron that receives electrical signals from other neurons and conducts those signals to the cell body
|
|
|
Cell body
|
portion of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus but does not incorporate the dendrites or axon
|
|
|
Axon
|
an extension of a nerve cell, similar in shape to a thread that transmits impulses outward from the cell body
|
|
|
3 types of neurons:
|
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
|
|
|
Neuromuscular junction
|
the junction between a nerve and a muscle fibers because nerves do not touch muscles
|
|
|
Creatine phosphate
|
inactivity rest ATP + creatine make creatine phosphate + ADP which is another energy source used/released during strenuous exercise after ATP is burned up; amino acid that provides energy to muscle
|
|
|
how many spinal nerves
|
31 pairs
|
|
|
spinal taps are done
|
between L3 -L5 vertebra but mainly L4-L5 vertebra
|
|
|
spinal cord ends at
|
L2 vertebra
|
|
|
List three layers of the spinal meninges and the spaces associated with each
|
duramater, arachnoid, piamater and the spaces associated with each meninges epidural, subdural, subarachnoid
|
|
|
epidural space
|
is the space between the Duramater and bone
|
|
|
Duramater
|
(protective) durable, tough white fibrous tissue
|
|
|
subdural space
|
is the space between the duramater and the arachniod
|
|
|
Arachnoid
|
delicate, spiderweb look, vascular
|
|
|
subarachnoid space
|
is the space between the arachniod and piamater
|
|
|
Piamater
|
very thin delicate covering on the surface of spinal cord
|
|
|
what do the mengines do?
|
it protects and nurish the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
what does CSF stand for and what is it?
|
cerebrospinal fluid; it is a clear watery fluid formed by filteration of blood in the ventricles of the brain, serves as a shockabsorber and nurishes, used as a diagnostic test
|
|
|
Why is the spinal tap done?
|
to diagnose disease, administer anesthesia, relieve pressure for those that have to much spinal fluid or relieve brain pressure, administer drugs -- antibiotics & pain med
|
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves and cranial nerves do we have?
|
31 pairs of spinal and 12 cranial
|
|
|
Which cranial nerve branches most extensively throughout the body
|
vagus nerve - cranial nerve X
|
|
|
What is the largest nerve in the body?
|
sciatic nerve
|
|
|
nerve impules are?
|
undirectional
|
|
|
All synapse start at the axon the end of the axon simulates the next nerve cell there are 3 types of synapse?
|
axodendritic (stimulates dendrites), axosomatic (stimulates cell body), axoaxomic (stimulates axon)
|
|
|
The tail of the spinal cord is called?
|
conus medullaris
|
|
|
The horse-like end of the spinal cord
|
cauda equina
|
|
|
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
|
it is the space between jumping myelin
|
|
|
What forms only myelin sheath in the CNS?
|
oligodendrocyets (oligo-few, denro-tree, cytes-cells) type of neuroglia
|
|
|
Neuroglia are?
|
supportive cells
|
|
|
The forebrain is?
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the cerebrum
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The midbrain is ?
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then pons, brain-stem, and medulla oblongata it is considered the primitive part of the brain
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what is the limbic system?
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a group of specific basal nuclei helps control; subconscious muscle movement the emotional visceral brain
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What does the pituary gland do?
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receives instructons from the hypothalamus to release antidievtic
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cerebral peduncles are?
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two anterior tracts convey ascending and descending impules
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corpora quadrigemina are ?
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4 rounded bodies in the posterior of the midbrain
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explain the 4 major processes of retinal image formation? what enables you to see
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1. reflections of light rays 2. accommodation of lens 3. pupil constriction/dilation[regulates how much light you get] 4) convergence of eyeball
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name the 4 medias of light refraction, in the order light is refracted
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1)cornea 2) aqueous humor 3)lens (muscle control) 4)vitreous humor (upside down & backwards)
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how do rods and cones differ in function
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rods are used for night vision which show movements & shapes not for color vision | cones patched in one dense area called central fovea for color and visual acuity (sharpness of vision)
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what is conjunctivitis?
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inflammation of the conjunctiva ( mucus membrane of the eyelid and eyeball)
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what are catarats?
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opacity of lens build up of protein
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what is glaucoma?
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build up of aqueous humor can lead to blindness
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what is myopia?
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nearsightedness, perfectly focused on the eyeball to long, refractal power of ciliary muscle to strong
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what is hyperopia?
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farsightedness, perfectly focused behind retina to short ciliary muscle has poor power not strong enough
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what is presbyopia?
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old sightedness ciliary muscle waers out
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What is astigmatism?
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irregularity of corena or lens; cornea is not smooth distortion of cornea or lens
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external ear
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pinna --> external auditory meatus lined with cerumin (earwax) --> tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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middle ear
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vibrates the ossicles (3 malleus, incus, stapes) stapes carry sound to the inner ear
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inner ear
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cochlea (hearing) fluid carries sound to inner ear = organ of Cori has hair cells and membrane hearing part = vestibulo for balance --> cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear nreve for balance and hearing --> ampula and semicircular canals
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