Bio107 Lecture 1& 2 Kind Of

Front 1

Components of the integumentary system and its function?

Back 1

+sweat glands

Main functions:

-vitamin D synthesis

-detect sensation

-thermo regulation

Front 2

Components and function of the muscular system?

Back 2

Main functions:

-movement

-posture

-heat

Note: cardiac and smooth muscle NOT in this system

Front 3

Components and function of the skeletal system?

Back 3

Main functions:

-support + protection

-red marrow produces blood cells

-yellow marrow stores lipids

Front 4

Function of megakaryocyte?

Back 4

Produces platelets for blood clotting.

Front 5

Functions of the haemopoetic cells?

Back 5

Blood cells that give rise to other blood cells.

Front 6

Components and main function of the Nervous system?

Back 6

Main functions:

-Detect stimuli -> produce nerve impulse -> regulate body activities

Front 7

Components and main function of the endocrine system?

Back 7

Regulate the body by releasing hormones.

Front 8

Components and main functions of the lymphatic / immune system?

Back 8

-defence

-transporting lipids, proteins and lymphoid cells

-contributes with cardiovascular system by sending blood back into the system

Front 9

Cardiovascular system functions and components?

Back 9

Transport O2 and CO2.

Regulate water content, temperature and acid base balance.

defence.

Front 10

Respiratory system components and functions?

Back 10

Transfer O2 and CO2 between blood and air.

Front 11

Digestive system components and functions?

Back 11

Digest food, absorb nutrients, eliminate waste.

Front 12

Urinary system componenets and functions?

Back 12

Urine production.

Storage and elimination.

Regulate blood volume (assists with production of blood cells)

Front 13

What is EPO, where is it produced and what is its function?

Back 13

Enthropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced in the kidney.

Signals for enthropoiesis in bone marrow.

Greater activity of hemocytoblasts = more production of red blood cells = blood have greater O2 carrying capacity.

Front 14

Reproductive system components and functions?

Back 14

Produce gametes.

Hormones regulate number of processes (testosterone)

Front 15

What tissue does the endoderm give rise to?

Back 15

Epithelial

(lining of gastrointestinal tract)

Front 16

What tissues does the mesoderm give rise to?

Back 16

Epithelial connective and most muscle tissue

(bone + blood)

Front 17

What tissue does the ectoderm give rise to?

Back 17

Epithelial + nervous tissue.

(nervous system)

Front 18

What is the structure and characteristics of tight junctions?

Back 18

Weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse together the plasma membranes. The two most important proteins are claudins and occludins They seal the passageways between the cells so prevent substances leaking out to the blood/organs.

Hence found in: epithelial tissue of stomach, intestines and urinary bladder.

Front 19

Structure and characteristics of adheren junctions?

Back 19

Have a dense layer of proteins called plaque on the inside part of the plasma membrane and is attached to the membrane proteins AND the microfilaments.

Glycoproteins called cadherins connect the cells together. It inserts through the plaque, through the plasma membrane and over the intercellular space and connects to opposite cadherins. Overall structure called adhesion 'belt'.

Main functions: preventing separation between cells during contraction eg food going down the intestines.

Front 20

Structure and characteristics of desmosomes?

Back 20

Contain plaque and cadherins, similar to adherin belts, however the plaque binds to the intermediate filaments rather than the microfilaments.

These intermediate filaments are connected from one desmosome to another on the opposite side of the cell. Helps maintain cell stability.

Found mainly in epidermis of skin and cardiac muscle to prevent seperation during contraction / tension.

Front 21

Structure and characteristics of hemidesmosomes?

Back 21

Plaque connects to the microfilaments (containing keratin). The integrins connect to the laminin in the basement membrane.

Front 22

Structure and characteristics of gap junctions?

Back 22

Contain membrane proteins called connexins.

These form fluid filled tunnels called connexions. Two connexions form the gap junctions.

The tunnels acts as a passageway for diffusion of small molecules.

Allows for cell communications.

Very important in nerve cells and muscle contraction as signals can be sent through gap junctions.

Note there is space between the cells.

Front 23

What does the basal membrane consist of?

Back 23

The basal lamina (secreted by epithelial cells) and reticular lamina (secreted by connective tissue cells).

Front 24

How do the connective tissue and epithelia tissue support each other?

Back 24

The epithelia contains nerves, however it is avascular.

Hence it relies on the underlying connective tissue's blood vessals, which diffuse nutrients to the epithelial cells and waste from epitheliam to connnective tissue.

Front 25

What are the three main functions of the basement membrane?

Back 25

1. It supports the overlying epitheliam.

2. Acts as a physical barrier.

3. Provides a surface for epithelial cells to fall into during wound healing (platelets for blood clotting fill this too.)

note: also prevents skin cancer from invading. If it is penetrated, it will spread.

Front 26

Function and location of simple squarmous?

Back 26

Main functions are filtration (kidneys), diffusion (lungs), secretion (serous membranes).

Endothelium - lining blood vessels

Mesothelium - lining serous membranes (eg peritoneum) , ventral cavity lining.

Front 27

Function and location of simple cuboidal?

Back 27

Secretion and absorption.

eg kidney ducts, pancreas ducts

Front 28

Function and location of simple columnar cells?

Back 28

Non-ciliated:

Secretion and absorption.

They contain microvilli and goblet cells (secrete mucus).

Found in gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus), ducts of many glands, gall bladder.

Ciliated:

Moves mucus and materials.

Bronchioles, fallopian tube, central canal of spinal cord, ventricles of brain.

Front 29

Function and location of stratified squarmous?

Back 29

Keratinized: In places such as the skin for protection. Does not require secretions. protection against abrasion, water loss, microbe invasion.

Nonkeratinized: In slippery places such as the mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, vagina. Requires secretions.

Front 30

Function and location of pseudostratified columnar?

Back 30

Ciliated: Secretes mucus and moves it. found in most airways.

Non-Ciliated: Absorption and protection. This has NO goblet cells. Found in larger ducts of glands, epididymus, part of male urethra.

Front 31

Difference between endocrine glands and exocrine?

Back 31

Endocrine glands secrete straight into the interstitial fluid and then blood. pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland.

Exocrine glands secrete into ducts that empty onto a surface of epithilium. eg sweat glands

Some organs may have both like the pancreas.

Front 32

What are the two shapes of glands cells?

Back 32

tubular (just like a tube) and alveolar (or acinar, looks like a tube with a ball at the end, think cherry)

Theres simple (one), coiled (only for tubular), branched(some branch out from the endocrine cells) and compound (many divisions of the glands)

Front 33

What is brunners gland?

Back 33

A circular gland found in the duodenum (small intestines). It secretes alkaline mucus to neutralize the acidic substances that come from the stomach.