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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Taxonomy |
The branch of biology concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying organisms. |
Tax branch wants my identity and name. |
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Who developed Binomial Nomenclature? |
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Lynn) |
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Why use Latin? |
It's a dead language, considered a universal language, and it's the language of science. |
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What is wrong with common names? |
Two plants can be named the same common name, but not be the same genus or species. |
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Scientific names are? |
Genus and Species. Genus is capitalized, species is lowercase. |
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Binomial Nomenclature? |
The system of Nomenclature in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating genus and the second being species. |
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List the major classification hierarchy from most inclusive to most specific. |
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
Donkey Kong Punch Cradle of Filth Goat Snake |
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List the three domains. Then, list the four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya. |
Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota. Kingdoms: Plantae, Protista, Fungi, Animalia |
This is my domain, Bae! The PP looks like fungi, animal! |
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List the classification hierarchy for a human: |
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens |
Eating a cookie, miles per hour, homo sapiens |
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Before modern DNA analysis, what evidence/methods were used to classify organisms? |
Fossil traits and behavioral traits |
Behave fossil! |
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What is a derived trait? |
A trait that the current organism has and previous one didn't. |
I am smart, my ancestors were not. |
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What is an ancestral trait? |
Ancestral traits are what the modern organisms and their ancestors have. |
I am handsome, my ancestors were, too. |
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What is a phylogenetic tree? |
A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms |
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What is cladistics? |
A method of classification of animals and plants according to the proportion of measurable characteristics that they have in common |
Method of classification measurable in common |
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What is the difference between a homologous trait and an analogous trait? |
Homologous traits are traits showing relation to another organism through common descent. Analogous traits are traits that show same function, but don't have common ancestry. |
Homo = Same Anal = Same function, no common ancestor |
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What is an example of a homologous trait? |
Bat wings and Bird wings. |
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What is an example of an analogous trait?
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Bird wings and Bee wings. |
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What is a viroid? |
An infectious entity affecting plants, smaller than a virus and consisting only of nucleic acid without a protein coat |
Smaller than virus, no meat coat |
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What is a prion? List 2 diseases caused by Prions: |
Protein molecule with contagious tertiary structure. Kreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Kuru |
Guru Meatwad coughing and folded into 3s. Got everyone sick. |
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List several common viral diseases in humans: |
Cold
Flu HIV/AIDS Smallpox Ebola |
Ice cube flying with Easy E. playing miniature pogs then getting ebola ice cream. |
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What two traits are used to categorize viruses? Describe these traits. |
Lytic and Lysogenic. Lytic - Viral reproduction occurs, the host cell undergoes lysis. (Attach, penetrate, biosynthesis, maturation, release) Lysogenic - Viral reproduction does not occur immediately, but may occur in the future. (Attach, penetrate, integration & latency, biosynthesis, maturation, release) |
Light and Lice Lice waits |
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What is an obligate intercellular parasite?
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Obligate intercellular parasites are those that inhabit the spaces of the body of the host and cannot complete its life-cycle without exploiting a suitable host |
Malaria video |
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What is a bacteriophage? |
Viruses that infect bacterial cells. |
Bacteria in Dr office |
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Describe the 5 stages of the lytic cycle: |
Attach Penetration Biosynthesis Maturation Release |
A peanut butter mr. doin it |
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Describe the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles: |
In the lysogenic cycle, after penetration, the virus integrates itself into the hosts DNA, and lies dormant. |
lice wait |
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What is a retrovirus? |
Retroviruses are RNA animal viruses that have a DNA stage. They contain reverse transcriptase. |
I'm bringing RNA back. |
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What type of virus is the HIV virus? Why? |
After infecting the cell, HIV uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA. It then integrates its viral DNA into the DNA of the host cell, which allows it to replicate.
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Reading script backwards, getting DNA |
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Are viruses host specific or can they infect many hosts? |
Viruses can infect only certain species of hosts and only certain cells within that host.
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Explain how a bird flu virus can infect a human: |
A viral genetic mutation occurs inside bird host then a combination of viral genes occurs in the human host. |
Mutated birdman |
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Is a virus a living organism? Why or Why not? |
No. Can only reproduce using metabolic machinery of host cell, they lack metabolism, missing critical cell components |
No. Lack metabolism |
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What is a prokaryote?
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Translation: Pro = Before, Karyote = Kernel (Nucleus) a prokaryote is a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and archaea. |
Single-celled, no special organelles. |
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What is a plasmid? |
Accessory rings of DNA. |
Plastic rings are so hot right now. |
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How do bacteria replicate? |
Binary fission- Three forms of genetic recombination: - Conjugation - Transformation - Transduction |
Ascii fish. |
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List and describe the three methods of genetic recombination:
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Conjugation - DNA is transferred via a pilus. Transformation - Pick up random DNA from environment. Transduction - Viruses carry DNA to cells, bacteriophages act as vectors. |
Con doin it with a pile of us. Transformers picking up our DNA. Trans duck gets infected. |
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What are three common shapes of bacteria? |
Spirillum, Bacilli, Cocci |
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Distinguishbetween the following: - Obligate aerobes vs. Obligate anaerobes vs. Facultative anaerobes - Autotroph vs. Heterotroph - Photoautotroph vs. Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotroph What is asaprotroph? - Commensalism vs. Mutualism vs. Parasitism |
- Obligate aerobes need oxygen. Obligate anerobes don't need oxygen. Facultative anaerobes can manage in any environment. - Autotrophs - an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances . - Heterotrophs - an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances . - Photoautotrophs use light and carbon dioxide via the process of photosynthesis. - Chemoautotrophs oxidation of inorganic compounds. - Chemoheterotrophs use inorganic energy sources. Saprotroph - decaying organic matter. Mutualism - Both species benefit. Commensalism - One species benefits, the other is unaffected. Parasitism - Parasite benefits, host is harmed. |
Hetero - same Auto - self Photo - light Chemo - chemical |
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What is an endospore? |
A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells |
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List several diseases associated with bacteria: |
Strep throat, Leprosy, Botulism |
Chuck Schuldiner screaming with rat feces on the floor. |
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Compare/Contrast Archaea and Eubacteria: |
Both are prokaryotic and neither contain membrane-bound organelles. - rRNA is different - Archaea has no peptidoglycan in cell walls. Archaea = Extreme environments Eubacteria = Normal " Archaea have existed longer than eubacteria. |
Pros, no toilet paper. Different pirates. Archie has no pepto, but MT dew! |
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What type of bacteria is photoautotrophic? |
Cyanobacteria |
I made blue light myself! |
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Listthe three common types of Archaea and the conditions each requires:
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Methanogens - "Methane" Thermoacidophile - "Hot Acid Love" Halophile - "Salt love" |
An angel doing meth and acid in Texas. |
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Define pathogen: |
A microorganism that can cause disease. |
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Define vector: |
An agent that transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism. |
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Describe the endosymbiotic hypothesis: |
Cells were engulfed but not digested and formed a mutualistic relationship. Ex: The cell and mitochondria |
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When do most protists use sexual reproduction?
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When conditions deteriorate. |
Lets have sex when things get bad. |
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What is responsible forproducing colors other than green/yellow-green in algae? |
Accessory pigments |
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Describe the purpose of eachof the following organelles in algae:
- Chloroplast - Pyrenoid - Red eyespot (what is itcalled?) |
Chloroplast - Conduct photosynthesis Pyrenoid - A protein body involved in carbon fixation and starch formation and storage. Red eyespot - Light detection. (Photoreceptor) |
Paranoid about fixing cars and buying faultless spray. Give me that light! |
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Which type of green algae uses conjugation tubes? What shape do the ribbon-like chloroplasts take?
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Spirogyra, Helical |
Spirical |
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What features make volvox unique?
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Colonial chlorophyte Form a hollow sphere |
Revolution balls |
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What are some commercial products red algae are used for?
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Agar, medicine capsules, cosmetics, food prep |
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Diatoms have a unique outer covering. What is it made of?
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Silica |
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What are some of the commercial products that diatoms are used for?
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Filtration, Sound-proofing, Polishing abrasive |
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What is the problem associated with an overgrowth of dinoflagellates called? What happens?
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Red tide. They release a neurotoxin that kills fish. |
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What is a contractile vacuole? Identify 2 types of protists that have contractile vacuoles
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Regulates quantity of water inside the cell. Amoeba and Paramecium
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The ciliates contain two nuclei, what is each one for?
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Micronucleus - Reproduction/Heredity Macronucleus - Metabolism |
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Identify the organisms thatare responsible for:
Malaria Toxoplasmosis Vaginitis Giardia Chagasdisease African sleeping sickness |
Malaria - Plasmodium Toxoplasmosis - Apicomplexa Vaginitis - Parabasalids Giardia - Diplomonads Chagas disease - Kinetoplastids African Sleeping Sickness -Kinetoplastids |
Malaria for plastic diahrrea. A pi is comlex and toxic. Vaginal parasite Garth and Diplomats Chad and the sleeping fella have built upand stored plastic |
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What are the common carriers(the vector) for: Malaria
Toxoplasmosis Chagasdisease African sleepingsickness |
Malaria - Mosquitoes Toxoplasmosis - Cats Chagas Disease - Kissing Bug African Sleeping Sickness - Tsetse Fly |
Toxicat Chad is kissy Sleeping guy testes |
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What does an amoeboid use to ingest food? What else it is used for
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Pseudopods. For motility |
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What is phytoplankton? |
Phytoplankton are mostly microscopic, single-celled photosynthetic organisms that live suspended in water |
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Slime molds and water molds are often mistaken for fungi. How are they similar to fungi? How are they different (how do we know they are NOTfungi)?
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Slime/Water molds are protists and their cell walls contain cellulose rather than chitin, which fungi have.
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How are fungal spores dispersed? |
The wind |
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Define heterotrophic and saprotrophic:
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A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter Saprotrophic is extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed organic matter |
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Which is more closely related: plants and fungi or animals and fungi? What are some traits the more closely relatedorganisms share?
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Animals and fungi. They both store glucose as glycogen and cell walls are made of chitin. |
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Describe the structure of multicellular fungi. What is each cell called?
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Made up of thin filaments called hyphae, hyphae filaments are made of tubular cells that connect end to end, each cell is surrounded by a cell wall composed of chitin. The complex network of hyphae filaments is called a mycelium. |
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What does “septate”and “nonseptate” mean?
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Septate - fungus has walls seperating hyphae. Nonseptate - it doesn't have walls. |
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How do yeast reproduce? |
Asexual budding |
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Describe the three stages of sexual reproduction in fungi
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Plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis |
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Nameand briefly describe the organisms in the 6 groups of fungi (common names arefine)
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Microsporidians - Parasitic Chytrids - has flagellated cells Zygomycota - Black bread mold AM Fungi - Symbiotic relationship with plants SAC fungi - Alcohol Club Fungi - Smuts and Rusts |
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Whatkind of mold is commonly found on bread (common name and group)?
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Black Bread Mold - Rhizopus |
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Where does AM fungi commonly grow? Why?
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On roots of plants. Because they have a mutualistic relationship: The fungi gets sugar from the plant, the plant gets more water from the fungi. |
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Whatare some of the commercial uses for yeast and mold?
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Yeast: Bread Mold: Anti-Biotics |
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What is thename of the mushroom that causes the greatest number of mushroom poisoningfatalities?
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Death Angel Mushroom |
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