Bio Unit 3 Test

Front 1

Gene

Back 1

A single trait such as tongue rolling, tongue folding, freckles etc...

Front 2

Polygenic trait

Back 2

brought about by several genes. Ex: hair color, eye color, height...

Front 3

Independent Assortment

Back 3

Giving traits an equal opportunity of occuring together

Front 4

Allele

Back 4

Variation or form of a gene.
Ex:
R = Tongue Rolling Allele,
r = non tongue rolling Allele

Front 5

Genotype

Back 5

An individuals allele combination.
EX.
RR Rr rr

Front 6

Phenotype

Back 6

An individuals physical expression of its genotype.
EX.
RR Rr rr
roller roller non roller <--- phenotype

Front 7

Homozygous Dominant

Back 7

RR - Has both dominant gene allele's

Front 8

Heterozygous

Back 8

Rr - Has both dominant and recessive allele, but dominant masks the recessive allele.

Front 9

Homozygous recessive

Back 9

rr - Both allele's are recessive.

Front 10

Father of Genetics

Back 10

Gregor Mendel

Front 11

Allele Key

Back 11

Allele Key
___________

R = Rolling
r = Non Rolling

Front 12

Genotypic Ratio

Back 12

1RR:2Rr:1rr <-----
3 Rollers : 1 Non Rollerr

Front 13

Phenotypic Ratio

Back 13

1RR:2Rr:1rr
3 Rollers : 1 Non Roller <-----

Front 14

How many Gametes can be made with genotype RrTt?

Back 14

RT, Rt, rT, rt

Front 15

Incomplete Dominance

Back 15

-One allele does not completely mask the other allele
-Blending in offspring
-Cannot use upper and lowercase letters
EX. Flowers -
R1= Red Flower Allele
R2= White Flower Allele
Offspring is Pink

Front 16

Sex Linkage (x-linkage)

Back 16

Genes found on X chromosomes of Father but not the Y.
EX.
XHXh vs. XHY

Front 17

Sex Linkage trait examples?

Back 17

Hemophila, color blindness, fragile x etc...

Front 18

Blood Type Genotypes?

Back 18

IAIA, IAi = Blood type A
IBIB, IBi = Blood type B
ii = Blood type O
IAIB = Blood type AB

IA and IB are dominant over ii

Front 19

Which blood type is universal?

Back 19

Blood Type O because it has no glycoprotein

Front 20

Non-sexed linked Autosomal Recessive human genetic disorder examples...

Back 20

Tay Sacks, Sickle Cell disease

Front 21

Autosomal Dominant Genentic Disorder

Back 21

Huntingtons Disease

Front 22

Why is a disease caused by a recessive allele more common?

Back 22

Because the allele is hidden in carriers

Front 23

Nondisjunction

Back 23

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during Meiosis

Front 24

DNA

Back 24

-Has genetic information
-Composed of deoxyribose nucleotides (sugar)

Front 25

What are the DNA bases?

Back 25

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

AGCT

Front 26

What are the DNA complimentary base pairs?

Back 26

A - T
G - C

Front 27

DNA bases (strands) are held together by...

Back 27

Hydrogen Bonds

Front 28

Backbone of DNA is composed of...

Back 28

Sugar/Phosephate groups
_________________
/S\ /S\
P/ \P/ \P.....
__________________

Front 29

DNA Replication

Back 29

Occurs in nucleus during S phase of Interphase

Front 30

DNA Replication STEPS

Back 30

1. DNA strands seperate
2. Both strands act as a pattern
3. Need free deoxyribose nucleotides
4. Need an enzyme, DNA plymerase
5. DNA will bring in and hook together the complimentary bases
6. Result: The double helix!

Front 31

Where does DNA store its information?

Back 31

Its in sequence of nucleotides

Front 32

Mutations

Back 32

Change in the nucleotide sequence in DNA.
In some cases, there is no effect because the
genetic code is redundant -- several codons code for the same amino acids

Front 33

RNA

Back 33

-Decodes the DNA and is composed of Ribose Nucleotides
-Found in nucleus and cytoplasm
-Ribose-Sugar
-Single stranded
-Bases AGC and U (Uracil)
-There is no T (Thymine) in RNA

Front 34

Central Dogma of DNA function

Back 34

DNA ---> RNA ------> Protein

Front 35

Transcription

Back 35

-Uses DNA as a template to form RNA
-Occurs in DNA during Interphase

Front 36

Transcription Process

Back 36

1. DNA strands seperate
2. Only 1 strand acts as a template called a "Template Strand" or "Sense Strand"
3. Need Ribose Nucleotides
4. Need enzyme, RNA polymerase
5. Bring polymerase and hook together complimentary bases.
6. Goes to cytoplasm, DNA unchanged
Result: RNA strand, released.

Front 37

Ribosomal RNA

Back 37

rRNA - combines with certain proteins to form Ribosomes

Front 38

Transfer RNA

Back 38

tRNA - acts as a carrier of amino acids; Each
specific for specific amino acids

Front 39

Messenger RNA

Back 39

mRNA - Has the information for making a
specific protein. Sequence of nucleotides
determined by the DNA

Front 40

Central Dogma for mRNA

Back 40

Transcription Translation
| |
DNA ------------> mRNA ---------------> Protein
| | |
Sequence SoN Sequence
of Nucleotides | of Amino Acids
V
Need tRNA with
Amino Acids

Front 41

Genetic Code

Back 41

Given in terms of mRNA and every 3 nucleotides in the RNA is called a codon and codes for Amino Acids.

Front 42

Anticodon

Back 42

3 special nucleotides that will base pair with the appropriate codon of mRNA and bring the correct amino acid

Front 43

Causes of Mutation

Back 43

Radiation (Xrays), UV light, chemicals,
spontaneous (chance)

Front 44

Types of Mutations -

Back 44

Point Mutation - base substitution, change in one nucleotide pair in the DNA. EX> UV light
Frameshift Mutation - Addition or deletion of a nucleotide pair. Reading of mRNA has shifted. Bigger effect.

Front 45

What is PCR?
(DNA Technology)

Back 45

Polymerase chain reaction - Can be used to make copies of a gene

Front 46

What can be done using Restriction Enzymes and Recombinant DNA?

Back 46

Used to cut bacteria is specific locations; sticky ends.

Front 47

Recombinant DNA

Back 47

Taking DNA from one source and placing it in another source.
USED FOR -
Crop modification, making new vaccines, insulin created this way, gene therapy

Front 48

DNA Hybridization

Back 48

Used for deciding how closely related organisms are to each other

Front 49

Theory of Evolution

Back 49

All existing organisms have arisen from
pre-existing organisms through a change in the ancestors genetic make up (change in allele
frequencies)

Front 50

Micro Evolution

Back 50

change in the genetic make up of a population over time. Population (group of interbreeding organisms in an area)

Front 51

Natural Selection

Back 51

Some organisms in a population reproduce and others do not due to environment factors

Front 52

Environmental Factors

Back 52

Temperature, food, nesting sites, natural disasters, elevation, predators, loss of habitat, pollution, water availability

Front 53

Directional Selection

Back 53

Selection for one phenotype and selection for the other phenotype extreme

Front 54

Stabilizing Selection

Back 54

Selection against both phenotype extremes and selection for the intermediate phenotype

Front 55

Disruptive Selection

Back 55

Selection against intermediate phenotype and selection for both phenotype extremes

Front 56

Evolution Founders

Back 56

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace

Front 57

Evidence of Evolution?

Back 57

-Earth has changed over time
-Variations in populations
-Organisms are well adapted to their environments
-Fossil Records
-Comparative anatomy
-DNA studies

Front 58

Genetic Drift
(Evolution without Natural Selection)

Back 58

Change in the genetic makeup of a small population due to chance events

Front 59

Gene Flow
(Evolution without Natural Selection)

Back 59

Migration to or from 1 population to another. Can lead to a change in allele frequencies.

EX. country mouse to city mouse population

Front 60

What is a Species?

Back 60

Group of interbreeding organisms reproductively isolated from organisms. (NOT BACTERIA!)

If they mate and they produce fertile offspring they are the same species.

Front 61

Geographical Isolation

Back 61

Stops gene flow.

Ex = Continental drift, oceans, rivers, island, mountain range, wall/freeway.

Front 62

Permanent Reproductive Isolation Mechanism

Back 62

Genetically based.

Front 63

Behavior/Appearances Isolation Mechanism

Back 63

Bird call/Song

Frog calls

Front 64

Season Isolation

Back 64

Mate at different times of the year.

Front 65

Chemical Isolation

Back 65

Pharomones

Front 66

Mechanical Isolation

Back 66

Part dont fit

Front 67

Gamete Incompatibility

Back 67

Gametes will not fuse

Front 68

Habitat Isolation

Back 68

Live and get food in different habitats

Front 69

Hybrid Weakness

Back 69

2 different species mate but the offspring are too weak to reproduce.

Front 70

Hybrid Infertility

Back 70

Two species mate but the offspring are sterile. Male Donkey and Female horse = mule (non fertile)

Front 71

Transition of plants from water to land

Back 71

1/2 billion years ago, land plants arose from ancestrial green alge

Front 72

Plant Adaptations

Back 72

Cuticle, Development of Vascular tissue, Dev of true roots, pollon does not depend on water for sperm to swim, evolution of seeds

Front 73

Vascular Tissue

Back 73

Xylem and Phloem. Allows to get bigger.

Front 74

Seeds

Back 74

Can stay dormant until good conditions

Front 75

Water Transport

Back 75

Plants get longer at their tips

Front 76

Cohesion Tension Theory of water Transport

Back 76

Cohesion, Tension, Adhesion

Front 77

Cohesion

Back 77

Water sticks together due to hydrogen bonds

Front 78

Tension

Back 78

Negative pressure (like a vacuum)

Front 79

Adhesion

Back 79

Water sticks to other molecules (like blood)

Front 80

Transportation of Water

Back 80

Loss of water as vapor from leaves

Front 81

Capillary Action

Back 81

Attraction of water to sides of the tube and the rest of the water follows due to cohesion.

Front 82

Ancient Bacteria

Back 82

Often live in extreme enviroments

Front 83

True Bacteria

Back 83

Everywhere, hetetrophic or autotrphic.

(Phototrophic)

Front 84

Eukaryotes

Back 84

Portists, Fungi, plants and animals

Front 85

Protists

Back 85

Eukarotic, can be hetertrophic or Phototrophic,

Front 86

Plant- like Protist

Back 86

Algae

Front 87

Animal- like protists

Back 87

Protozoans (heto)

Front 88

Fungi-like protists

Back 88

Slime mold (heto)

Front 89

Fungi

Back 89

Eukaryotic, multicellular mostly.

ex. Mushrooms, molds, mildews

Heto, absorb nutrients not ingest

Front 90

Plants

Back 90

Eukaryotic, phototrophic, multicellular,

ex. mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Front 91

Animals

Back 91

Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, ingests food.

ex. worms, mammals, birds