Bio 103 Test 3

Front 1

How does classifying and naming organisms help biologists?

Back 1

• International communication among biologists
• Unique Latin name
• Division of effort in research
• Insight into evolution, genetics and other biological phenomena

Front 2

What are the comparative areas that biologists use to group organisms?

Back 2

• Comparative Anatomy (common or related body forms and structures)
• Comparative Embryology (similarities in development)
• Comparative Molecular Biology DNA base sequence and protein amino acid similarities)

Front 3

How is the Biological classification system is set up?

Back 3

As a hierarchy from general to specific groups.

Front 4

What are the criteria for putting organisms into different domains and kingdoms?

Back 4

• How many cells & if there is a nucleus or not

Front 5

What is the definition of "species?"

Back 5

• A population of organisms having common traits and (if sexually reproducing) capable of interbreeding under natural conditions, but reproductively isolated from other populations

Front 6

Understand how a biologist would refer to an organism using the binomial classification system

Back 6

• Consists of two parts; genus and species
• The first name (genus) is capitalized & the second part isn’t.
• The scientific name will give us a little bit of info about the animal such as ecology or appearance

Front 7

How would a biologist define evolution?

Back 7

• About the changes in the genome of a population over time
• Individuals do not evolve – populations do

Front 8

What evidence exists that life has changed over time?

Back 8

• Abundant fossil evidence of extinct organisms
• Fossil evidence of transitional forms of organisms
• Populations of living organisms change/adapt over time

Front 9

Understand what a scientific approach to explaining the change of life over time would be. What are the criteria and limits.

Back 9

• Science is based on observation
• Focus is on the natural universe
• Use natural explanations to address natural phenomena
• Theories are tested against the physical evidence

Front 10

You should have an understanding of Lamarckian evolution theory and how Lamarck might explain an example of evolution.

Back 10

• 1) organisms possess a built-in drive toward complexity or perfection
• 2) organisms change their traits in response to the environment
• 3) these changes are passed on to the offspring (inheritance of acquired characteristics)

Front 11

Could you recognize a Lamarckian explanation if you saw one?

Back 11

• EXAMPLE: a giraffe had a short neck. Since they were striving for more perfect giraffes they stretch their neck to make it longer. Then the longer necks are passed on through reproduction.

Front 12

You should have a clear understanding of Darwin's model of evolution by natural selection. What are the key points in this model? How does it explain evolutionary change? How does it differ from the Lamarckian model?

Back 12

• Individuals vary in a population
• Populations have the potential to increase rapidly
• Not all individuals can survive so a struggle for existence results
• Some individuals possess traits of adaptive value that are beneficial in that environment at that time
• These individuals are more “fit” and tend to survive longer and reproduce more successfully
• Their traits are more likely to be passed on over time.
• Due to these different inheritance of traits the population gradually changes over time.

Front 13

Paleontology-

Back 13

a) study of prehistoric life (evolution and environment interaction)
b) rock on top are younger/on bottom are old (also complex to simple)
radioactive dating can determine age
c) extinct

Front 14

Comparative Morphology-

Back 14

a) study and comparison of anatomical structures
b) organisms can be clustered based on shared traits
example bat, hand/forearm of human, flipper of dolphin >> same bone bc common ancestry

Front 15

Comparative Embryology

Back 15

a) study/comparison of organism development
b) similarity in embryos across species
c) example: dog, human, horse look the same at some embryo certain point

Front 16

Biogeography

Back 16

a) study of geographic distribution of living organisms
b) organisms from different locations showing similarities suggest common ancestry
c) same snake not found in all desert /snakes have similar adaption throughout world / unique species exist on volcanic islands

Front 17

Molecular Biology

Back 17

a) study/comparison of biological molecules (DNA bases)
b) DNA & ATP common to all life / all life seems to share many molecules
c) Humans share more DNA with chimps than chicken. / DNA has modified over time.

Front 18

Why do biologists view creation science and intelligent design as non-scientific models?

Back 18

-It is an effort by religion to portray its view as science

Front 19

Lab and Field Observations

Back 19

a) Observations of population changes with environment

Front 20

What's the differences between innate and learned behavior and how would you recognize something as innate behavior?

Back 20

Innate:
• Complete behavior the first time with the appropriate stimulus
• Exhibit behavior when there was no opportunity for learning
• Example: newborn babies have an innate fear of loud noises
Learned:
• Behavior changes with experience
• For complex behaviors there is a little of innate and learned behavior

Front 21

Visual: Active & Passive

Back 21

• Active
o Active visual involves motion
 When a male peacock spreads its tail while mating to attract females and intimidate other males.
• Passive
o Size and color would be an example of passive visuals
 When Firer Flies flash, their flash signals they want to mate.

Front 22

Visual Advantages/Disadvantages

Back 22

• Visual Advantages:
o Soundless communication does not attract predators
• Visual Disadvantages:
o You have to be in line of sight to send and receive communication
o Large sizes and bright colors may attract predators

Front 23

• Acoustical

Back 23

o Growling- used to intimidate competitors
o Singing- birds do this to attract mates
o Vervet Monkeys- specific sounds for specific situation

Front 24

Acoustical Advantages/Disadvantages

Back 24

• Acoustical Advantages
o Easy to do
o Can use sound when visual communication is not possible
o Can travel long distances
• Acoustical Disadvantages
o It conspicuous (anyone who can hear can receive the info)

Front 25

Olfactory

Back 25

• Olfactory Communication (Smell)
o Skunks can fight off predators
o Urine can be used to attract makes
o Urine can be used to mark territory
 Can linger in a local environment for several days
o Humans use perfume to attract others

Front 26

Chemical & Advantages & Disadvantages

Back 26

• Chemical
o Insects can signal to other insects where to locate food or mates
• Advantages
o Pheromones are species specific
o They are specific
• Disadvantage
o No diversity between pheromones

Front 27

What are the characteristics of language discussed in class?

Back 27

• Language must be learned
• There are formal rules to a language
• Language is symbolic. A collection of sounds that mean something literal or abstract
• Language is dynamic/innovative. It can change over time.
• Language transcends the present. (You can talk about yesterday or tomorrow)

Front 28

What are some examples of data from American Sign Language studies with chimps and gorillas like Washoe and Koko that are given as evidence of language ability in apes?

Back 28

Washoe: 250 sign language vocabulary words
Could understand not just memorize
Koko: 1000 signs
Paints
Scored 95 on Stanford binet intelligence test

Front 29

What criticisms have been raised about the sign language studies conducted with apes?

Back 29

• Are they truly comprehending the meaning of signs?
• Are the signs by the apes random?
• No outsiders were used in the experiments?
• Apes could be picking up no verbal clues.
• Researchers may be suggesting signals while apes are trying to figure out a response.

Front 30

What solutions were discussed in class as possible means of addressing the criticisms?

Back 30

• Use pre-recorded videos and see if apes respond
• Teach a second ape sign language and see if they respond
• Remove the human element while signing to apes and see if they respond.