Bio Unit 3

Front 1

anabolism

Back 1

building molecules

Front 2

catabolism

Back 2

breaking down molecules

Front 3

metabolic reations

Back 3

often organized into pathways (don't go directly from starting molecule to product)
need enzyme for each reaction in the process

Front 4

energy

Back 4

the capacity to do work

Front 5

potential energy

Back 5

energy stored in a system due to its location or spacial arrangement

Front 6

free energy

Back 6

G
energy that is available to do work
more energy in complexity than randomness

Front 7

first law of thermodynamics

Back 7

energy cannot be created or destroyed but converted from one form to another
*heat energy not available to do work "lost to the environment"

Front 8

second law of thermodynamics

Back 8

every energy transfer or transformation increases entropy
more random, more entropy, less potential energy
organisms use energy from the sun to build complex structures

Front 9

exergonic

Back 9

reactants have more free energy than products
spontaneous
-G

Front 10

endergonic

Back 10

reactants have less free energy than products
require input of energy to complete
+G
energy can be harnessed by coupling

Front 11

open systems

Back 11

constant input
do not reach equilibrium

Front 12

enzymes

Back 12

protein catalysts that lower activation energy requirements
-ase=enzyme
not used up or affected during reaction
substrate specific
some require cofactors to function
inhibitors can prevent from functioning (competitive, noncompetitive)

Front 13

ATP

Back 13

cell energy currency
harvest it from the food we eat
ADP + Pi (add third phosphate)

Front 14

allosteric enzymes

Back 14

alternate between active and inactive forms

Front 15

negative feedback loops

Back 15

somewhere near the beginning of the pathway, an enzyme is inhibited
if the end product is accumulating, pathway might be turned off

Front 16

respiration

Back 16

glucose + o2 --> co2 + h2o + ATP
exergonic
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
releases 30-32 ATP

Front 17

glycolysis

Back 17

first step of respiration
takes place in cytosol
splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acids (pyruvate)
+2 net ATP, 2 NADH (most energy)
ATP formed through substrate-level phosphorylation
controlled through feedback inhibition of phosphofructokinase

Front 18

acetyl coA formation

Back 18

pyruvate moves to mitochondrial matrix, loses co2 in the process and remaining 2 carbons (acetate) attach to a coenzyme A to become acetyl coA

Front 19

citric acid/krebs/TCA cycle

Back 19

4 C molecule + 2 C (from coA) --> 6 C citrate
goes in circle to reform 4 C molecule
products at this point: 4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2

Front 20

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 20

electrons and H+ from NADH and FADH2 transfer to o2 from water
energy released in steps
electrons drop in energy as they go down electron transport chain towards o2
energy released along chain used to pump H+ ions across innermitochondrial membrane and through chemiosmosis--ATP synthase as they move through channel

Front 21

anaerobic respiration (fermentation)

Back 21

without o2, oxygen transport shuts down
in cytosol
converts NADH to NAD+
yields only 2 ATP/glucose molecule
only glycolysis happens w/o o2

Front 22

NAD+ needed by

Back 22

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
pyruvate -> acetyl coA
(not electron transport or chemiosmosis)

Front 23

autotrophs

Back 23

produce their own food

Front 24

heterotrophs

Back 24

eat other things

Front 25

photosynthesis

Back 25

happens in chloroplasts
6co2 + 6h2o --> glucose + 6o2
light reactions & calvin cycle
violet & red light most useful

Front 26

light reactions

Back 26

photosystem II --> photosystem I
II produces NADPH
provide ATP and NADH to the calvin cycle

Front 27

calvin cycle

Back 27

5 carbon RuBO + C = 6 C molecule
falls apart into 2 G3P
must do 6x

Front 28

stages of cell signaling

Back 28

reception
transduction
response

Front 29

reception

Back 29

ligand can be any size & solubility
membrane bound receptors-water soluble ligands
ligands that are small and hydrophobic diffuse through membrane to bind to receptors inside cell

Front 30

transduction

Back 30

signal transduction pathway (amplifies response)
second messengers & enzyme cascades
protein kinases stick phosphate to proteins from ATP

Front 31

response

Back 31

not all cells that bind the same ligand respond the same way
apoptosis: programmed cell death