Bio 103 Chapter 3

Front 1

Define metabolism.

Back 1

Consists of all of the chemical reactions that takeplace in a cell

Front 2

Aerobic cellular respiration requires _____________

and produces_________________.

Back 2

requires oxygen, produces carbon dioxide

Front 3

Anaerobic fermentation does not

require_____________.

Back 3

Oxygen

Front 4

What happens during aerobic cellular

respiration?

Back 4

In aerobic cellular respiration cells take in sugar(glucose) and break it down to into carbondioxide and water, this requires oxygen.

This process produces energy in the form ofATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy

Front 5

What are the four steps in cellular respiration?

Back 5

 There are four steps of aerobic cellularrespiration:

1. Glycolysis

2. Transition Reaction

3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

4. Electron Transport Chain

Front 6

Picture of cellular respiration

Back 6

Find image

Front 7

Image of glycolysis

Back 7

Find image

Front 8

Image of the citric acid cycle

Back 8

Find image

Front 9

Image of Electron Transfer Chain

Back 9

Find image

Front 10

Where does glycolysis (phase I of cellular respiration) occur?

Back 10

Cytoplasm

Front 11

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

Back 11

No. It is anaerobic.

Front 12

What is the starting molecule in glycolysis?

Back 12

Glucose

Front 13

What happens during glycolysis?

Back 13

One glucose mole is split into two pyruvate molecules

Front 14

How many ATD and NADH are generated during glycolysis?

Back 14

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Front 15

Summarize the important facts about glycolysis.

Back 15

Phase 1: Glycolysis

* Occurs in the cytoplasm

* Splits one glucose into two pyruvate molecules

* Generates a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADHmolecules

* Does not require oxygen

Front 16

What does glycolysis start with and what are the end products?

Back 16

Cellular Respiration -

*Glycolysis Starts with glucose

* Ends with 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Front 17

What happens in the cytosol?

Back 17

Find diagram of glycolysis in cytosol.

Front 18

What is the transition reaction in cellular

respiration?

Back 18

Phase 2: Transition reaction

* Occurs within the mitochondria

* Coenzyme A combines with pyruvate and CO2 isremoved from each pyruvate

* Forms 2 acetyl CoA molecules

* Produces 2 NADH

Front 19

Where does the transition reaction of cellular respiration take place?

Back 19

The mitochondria (the mighty mitochondria:))

Front 20

What phase of cellular respiration is the

transition reaction?

Back 20

Phase II

Front 21

With what does the transition reaction start?

Back 21

2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecules) and

2 Coenzyme A

Front 22

What occurs during the transition reaction?

Back 22

Coenzyme A combines with pyruvate and CO2 is removed from each pyruvate.

Front 23

What is produced from the transition reaction?

Back 23

2 CO2

2 NADH

2 Acetyl CoA (2 carbon molecules)

Front 24

With what the transition reaction starts and end?

Back 24

Start with:

* 2 pyruvate (3 carbon molecules)

* 2 Coenzyme A

End with:

* 2 CO2

* 2 NADH

* 2 Acetyl CoA (2 carbon molecule)

Front 25

Find diagram of the transition reaction

Back 25

Find image

Front 26

What is the third phase of cellular respiration?

What is another name for the citric acid cycle?

Back 26

The citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle.

Front 27

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Back 27

Mitochondria

Front 28

With what does the citric acid cycle start?

Back 28

Starts with 2 Acetyl CoA

Front 29

What is released at the end of the citric acid

cycle?

Back 29

Releases:

*2 ATP

*2 FADH

*6 NADH

* 4CO2

Front 30

Summary of the citric acid cycle

Back 30

Cellular Respiration – Citric acid cycle

Phase 3: Citric acid cycle

* Occurs in the mitochondria

* Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle

* Releases 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 and 6 NADH, 4 CO2molecules

Front 31

With what does the citric acid cycle start and end?

Back 31

Start with 2 Acetyl CoA

End with:

* 4 CO2

* 2 ATP

* 6NADH and2FADH2

Front 32

Diagram of the citric acid cycle

Back 32

Find image

Front 33

What is the Phase 4 of cellular respiration?

Back 33

The electron transport chain

Front 34

What happens to electrons during the electron transfer chain?

Back 34

Electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen.

Front 35

How many ATP (energy) are released in the

electron transfer chain?

Back 35

Releases energy that results in 32 ATP

Front 36

Is the electron transfer chain aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 36

Aerobic

Front 37

Summary the important points of the electron transfer chain

Back 37

Phase 4: Electron transport chain

* Electrons of FADH2 and NADH are transferred from one protein to another, until they reach oxygen

* Releases energy that results in 32 ATP

*ETC produces ATP suing the ATP synthase protein molecule

* Requires oxygen

Front 38

Explain the big payoff of the electron transfer chain

Back 38

The Big Pay Off – Electron Transport Chain

* NADH and FADH2 are important carriers ofelectrons

* They donate electrons to the electron transportchain

* At the end of the chain oxygen accepts theelectrons.

*Electron Transport Chain produces ATP using theATP synthase protein molecule

* The Electron Transport Chain produces 32 ATP

Front 39

Diagram of the electron transfer chain

Back 39

Find Image

Front 40

Another image of the electron transfer chain

Back 40

Find image

Front 41

close up of electron transfer chain

Back 41

Find image

Front 42

How is ATP made using the ETC?

Back 42

1. In the mitochondria, the NADH and FADH donateelectrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)

2. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor from the ETC

3. The ETC uses the energy from the electrons totransport H+ against the concentration gradient,transporting them from the lumen of themitochondria to the intermembrane space.

4.The ATPsynthase transports the H+ back to thelumen of the mitochondria.

5. The H+ falling through the ATPsynthase providesthe energy for the ATPsynthase to catalyze thereaction of ADP + P →ATP

Front 43

Summary of Cellular Respiration

Back 43

*One molecule of glucose is broken down and 36ATP are generated.

* Oxygen is used by the electron transport chain – itaccepts electrons from the ETC

* Carbon dioxide is produced by the TransitionReaction and the Citric acid cycle

Front 44

Summary of Cellular Respiration (Notecard 2)

Back 44

*Glycolysis: Starts the process by taking in glucose.Produces 2 ATP

* The Transition Reaction produces CO2 and NADH

*The Citric acid cycle: Produces 2 ATP but also produces lots of NADH and FADH2. Produces CO2.

Front 45

Summary of Cellular Respiration (Notecard 3)

Back 45

Electron transport chain

* Takes electrons from NADH and FADH2and uses them to produce ATP using theATP synthase molecule.

* Requires oxygen. Oxygen is the finalelectron acceptor on the electron transportchain

* One glucose can produce a total of 36 ATP

Front 46

Diagram of cellular respiration

Back 46

Find diagram

Front 47

What is oxygen's role in cellular respiration?

Back 47

*Cellular respiration requires oxygen – this is aerobiccellular respiration

* Sometimes organisms, including humans, need toproduce energy without using oxygen

*When you need energy quick, or if there is notenough O2 then the cell will use only glycolysis

Front 48

What happens in anaerobic fermentation?

Back 48

*Breakdown of glucose without oxygen

* Takes place entirely in the cytoplasm

* It is very inefficient - results in only two ATP

Front 49

What is anaerobic fermentation?

Back 49

Anaerobic Fermentation:

Anaerobic pathway toproduce ATP from glycolysis without theIntermediate, Citric Acid Cycle, and ETC

Front 50

Why do animals use fermentation?

Back 50

*When cells need energy quick they will use thispathway for a short time

* 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NADH → 2 lactate and 2 NAD+

*End result = lactate and 2 ATP produced (from glycolysis) and NAD+ is regenerated

Front 51

What is the starting molecule of glycolysis?

Back 51

glycolysis

Front 52

Which stage produces CO2

Back 52

a. Glycolysis

b. Electron Transport Chain

c. Transition

d. Citric acid Cycle

e. Both 3 and 4

Front 53

Which stage uses CO2

Back 53

Choose one:

a.Glycolysis

b. Krebs Cycle

c. Electron Transport Chain

Front 54

Which stage produces the most NADHs

Back 54

Choose one:

a.Glycolysis

b. Krebs

c. Cycle Electron Transport Chain

Front 55

Which stage produces the most ATP

Back 55

1 Electron Transport Chain

Front 56

Which phase of cellular respiration?

Back 56

Transition Reaction

Front 57

Which phase of cellular respiration does not require oxygen?

Back 57

Glycolysis

Front 58

What is the final acceptor of electrons in the ETC?

Back 58

oxygen

Front 59

What protein does the ETC use to produce ATP?

Back 59

ATP synthase

Front 60

What unzips (breaks) the hydrogen bonds of DNA?

Back 60

helicase

Front 61

What kind of bonds connect the sugar and phosphate molecules in the DNA strand?

Back 61

covalent

Front 62

What is semi-conservative (when talking about DNA)

Back 62

Two identical double helix DNA molecules

(because the two copies each contain one old original strand and one new strand)

Front 63

What is mitosis?

Back 63

DNA replication does not happen during cell

division

Front 64

What three letters do most enzymes end with

Back 64

-ase