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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
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What are C, H, O, N, P, S?
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Bottom #: atomic number (# of protons
Top #: atomic mass (protons+neutrons) |
What are the numbers symobilzing next to the element?
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Isotope
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Different number of neutrons
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Nobel gases (far right)
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What elements are stable (and where are they located)?
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Valence electrons
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Electrons found in the outermost shell
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Covalent Bonds- share electrons
Ions- gain or lose an electron |
Valence electrons prefer to be in full shells, what are the two options in doing so?
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Covalent Bonds
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Electrons are shared by two atoms
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Nonpolar covalent bond
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The bond that has completely equal sharing of electrons
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Polar covalent bond
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Unequal sharing of electrons
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Iconic Bonding
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Electrons are transfereed from one atom to another
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Hydrogen Bond
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The bond between (+) and (-)
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Linear molecules, H, OH at end, O at end, N at end
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What elements make a polar bond?
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Diatomic molecules of same element (O2), C
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What elements make a non-polar bond?
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Sticky, expands when frozen, will go above drinking glass
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What are some properties that make water unique?
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Hydrogen bonds
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What holds water together?
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Cohesion
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How does water get to the leaves at the top of the tree?
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Once it freezes, density dramatically decreases
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Why does ice float in water?
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A crystal lattice, open space
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What forms in ice that makes it float?
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Water is polar, it pulls the ions away from each other
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Why do ions dissolve easily in water?
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Hydrophilic
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Polar regions of some molecules, soluble in water
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Hydrophobic
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Non-polar, non-ionic, substances, dont dissolve in water
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Ionization
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The process of spontaneous ion formation
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pH
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A measure of the hydrogen ion concentration
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Acid
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Dissociates in water to increase H+ concentration
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Base
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Combines with H+ when dissolved in water
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pH buffers
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Buffer system or buffer solutionis one that minimizes pH change as acid or base is added
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Sulfur dioxide, Nitrites, Nitrates react with water to form sulfuric and nitric acid
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What is the source of acid rain? pH<5.6
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Social Impact (can destroy statues), Terrestrial Impact (destroy forests), Aquatic Impact (kill plants, animals)
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What is the impact of acid rain?
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Controlled
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What variable is kept constant throughout the experiment?
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Independent
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What variable is the one the researched varies?
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Dependent
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What is the variable that is measured?
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Ammonia and nitrate
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What do nitrogen fixing bacteria convert N2 to?
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Natural: Lightning
Human Sources: Burning fossil fuels, growing nitrogen- fixed crops |
What are major sources of nitrogen fixation?
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Hypoxia
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Low dissolved oxygen concentration caused by high nutrient input
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