Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
453 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Evolution
|
descent w/ modification idea that living species are descendants of ancestral present day population to population
|
|
|
Biology
|
scientific study of life
|
|
|
Emergent Properties
|
new properties thta arise w/ each step upward in hierarchy of life owing to arrangement and interaction of parts as complexity increase
|
|
|
System Biology
|
approach to studying biology aims to mdel dynanmic behavior of whole biological system
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cell
|
cell w/ membrane-enclosed nucleus & membrane-enclosed organelles, protist, plants, fungi, and animals
|
|
|
Prokaryotic Cell
|
cell lacking membrane-enclosed nucleus & memrbane-enclosed organelles bacteria and archaea
|
|
|
DNA
|
double helix consist of nucleotide monomer w/ deoxyribose sugar N base A,T,G,C able replicated determine structure
|
|
|
Gene
|
discrete unit of heredity infromation consisting of specific neucleotide sequence in DNA, RNA or some virus
|
|
|
Genome
|
genetic material of organism or virus complete complement of organism or virus gense along w/ noncoding nucleic acid
|
|
|
Bioinformatics
|
use of computers, software, mathematical models to process and integraate bio information from large data states
|
|
|
Negative Feedback
|
primary mechanism of homeostasis a change in a physiological variable triggers response counteracts initial change
|
|
|
Posistive Feedback
|
physiological control mechanism in which a change in variable trigger mechanism amplify change
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
one of the two prokaryotic domain
|
|
|
Archaea
|
one of the two prokaryotic domain
|
|
|
Eukarya
|
domains that includes all eukaryoic organisms
|
|
|
Natural Selection
|
process in which organisms w/ certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive reproduce than are organisms w/ other characteristics
|
|
|
Inquiry
|
search for information and explanation,often focused by specific questions
|
|
|
Discovery Science
|
process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describng nature
|
|
|
Data
|
recorded observations
|
|
|
Inductive Reasoning
|
type of logic in which generalization based on a large number of specific observations
|
|
|
Hypothesis
|
tentative answer to well-framed question narrower in scope than theory and subject to testing
|
|
|
Deductive Reasoning
|
type of logic in which specific result are predicted from general premise
|
|
|
Controlled Experiment
|
experiment in which an experimental group is compared w/ control group that varies only in factor being tested
|
|
|
Theory
|
explanation that is broad in scope generate new hypothesis and supported by a large body of evidence
|
|
|
Model
|
representation of a theory or process
|
|
|
Technology
|
application of scientfic knowledge for specific purpose often involving or commerce but also inclduing basic research
|
|
|
Matter
|
anything that takes up space and has mass
|
|
|
Element
|
any substance that can't be broken down to any other substance by chemical reaction
|
|
|
Compound
|
substance consist of two or more different element combined in fixed ratio
|
|
|
Trace Electron
|
element indispensiable for life but required in extremely minute amounts
|
|
|
Atom
|
smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
|
|
|
Neutrons
|
subatomic particle having no electrical charge (neutral) with a mass of about 1.7x10-24 found in the nucleus of an atom
|
|
|
Proton
|
subatmoic particle w/ single positive electrical charge w/ a mass of about 1.7x10-24 found in the nucleus of atom
|
|
|
Dalton
|
measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles (same as amu)
|
|
|
Atomic Number
|
number of protons on the nucleus of an atom unique for each element and designated by subscript to left elemental symbol
|
|
|
Mass Number
|
sum of the number of protons and neutrons in atom's nucleus
|
|
|
Atomic Mass
|
total mass of an atom which is hte mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom
|
|
|
Isotope
|
one of several atomic forms of an element w/ smae number of protons but different number of neutrons differ in atomic mass
|
|
|
Radioactive Isotope
|
isotope is unstable the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off detectable particels and energy
|
|
|
Energy
|
capacity to cause change especially to do work (move matter against an opposing force)
|
|
|
Potential Energy
|
energy that matter possess as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)
|
|
|
Electron Shell
|
energy level of electrons at a charcteristic average distance from nucleus of an atom
|
|
|
Valance Electron
|
electron in outermost electron shell
|
|
|
Valence Shell
|
outermost energy shell of an atom contain valence electron involved in chemical reaction of atom
|
|
|
Orbital
|
3-D space where an electron is found 90% of time
|
|
|
Chemical Bond
|
attraction between two atoms result from sharing outer-shell electron or presence opposite change on atom bound atom gain complete outer electron shells
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more paris of valence electron
|
|
|
Molecule
|
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
|
|
|
Single Bond
|
single covalent bond sharing of a pair of valence electron by two atoms
|
|
|
Structural FOrmula
|
molecular notation in which the constituent atoms joined by lines representing covalent bonds
|
|
|
Molecular Formula
|
molecular notation represent the quantity of constituent atoms, but not nature of bonds that join them
|
|
|
Double Bond
|
double covalent bond shareing of two paris of valance electron by two atoms
|
|
|
Valence
|
bonding capacity often usually equal the number of unpaired electrons recquire complete atom outermost (valence) shell
|
|
|
Electronegativity
|
attraction of a given atom for electron of a covalent bond
|
|
|
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
|
covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity
|
|
|
Polar Covalent Bond
|
covalent bond between atom that differ in electronativity shared electron pulled closer to more electronegative atom negative and positive atom
|
|
|
Ion
|
atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more lectrons thus accquiring a change
|
|
|
Cation
|
postivity charged ion
|
|
|
Anion
|
negatively charged ion
|
|
|
Ionic Bond
|
chemical bond result from attraction between oppositely charged ions
|
|
|
Ionic Compound
|
compound result from the formation of an ionic bond
|
|
|
Salt
|
compound result from formation of an ionic bond
|
|
|
Hydrogen Bond
|
weak chemical bond formed when slightly positive H atom of polar covalently bond in one molecule attracted to slighty negative atom polar covalent bond in another moelcule
|
|
|
Van der Waals Interaction
|
weak attraction between moelcule or parts of moelcuels that result from localized charge fluctuation
|
|
|
Chemcial Reaction
|
making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to chagnes in composition of matter
|
|
|
Reactant
|
starting material in chemical reaction
|
|
|
Product
|
material resulting from chemical reaction
|
|
|
Chemical Equilibrium
|
chemical reaction state in which the rate of reverse reaction so relative concnetration of reactatns and produces don't change w/ time
|
|
|
Polar Molecule
|
molecule with opposite charges on different end of molecule
|
|
|
Cohesion
|
binding together of like molecule often by hydrogen bonds
|
|
|
Adhesion
|
attraction between differnt kinds of molecules
|
|
|
Surface Tension
|
measure of how difficult its to stretch or break the surface of the liquid water has high surface tension because of H bonding of surface molecule
|
|
|
Kinetic Energy
|
energy associated with relative motion of object moving matter can perform by work by imparting motion to other matter
|
|
|
Heat
|
total amount of Kinetic energy due to random motion of atoms or molecule in body energy,heat is energy in its most random form
|
|
|
Temperature
|
meausre of intensity of heat in degrees, refelcting the average kinetic energy of molecule
|
|
|
Celsius Scale
|
temperature scale equals (5/9) (F-32) that measure the freezing point at 0 and boiling point of water at 100
|
|
|
Calorie (Cal)
|
amount of heat energy recquired to raise temperature of 1g of water by 1C amount of heat energy 1g releases when cools
|
|
|
Kilocalorie (Kcal)
|
thousand calories amount of heat energ recquired to raise temperature of 1Kg of water 1C
|
|
|
Joule (J)
|
unit of energy 1J:.239 cal, 1cal=4.184J
|
|
|
Specific Heat
|
amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of substance to change its temperature by 1C
|
|
|
Evaporative Cooling
|
process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation owing to change of molecule w/ greatest kinetic energy liquid to gaseous state
|
|
|
Solution
|
liquid that is homogenous mixture of two or more substance
|
|
|
Solvent
|
dissolving agent of a solution water is most versatile solvent known
|
|
|
Solute
|
substance that is dissolved in a solution
|
|
|
Aqueous Soluton
|
solution in which water is the solvent
|
|
|
Hydration Shell
|
sphere of water moelcule around an a dissolved ion
|
|
|
Hydrophilic
|
having an affinity for water
|
|
|
Colloid
|
mixture made up a liquid and particles remain suspend rather than dissolved in liquid
|
|
|
Molecular Mass
|
sum of masses of all the atoms in molecule (molecular weight)
|
|
|
Mole
|
number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains avagadros number of molecules
|
|
|
Molarity
|
common measure of solute concentration referring to number of moles of solue per liter of solution
|
|
|
Hydrogen Ion
|
sing proton w/ a single charge of it dissociaton of water molecule leads to generation of hydroxide ion and hydrogen ion
|
|
|
Hydroxide Ion
|
water molecule that has lost a proton (OH-)
|
|
|
Hydronium Ion
|
water molecule that has an extra proton found to it H3O
|
|
|
Acid
|
substance that incrases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
|
|
|
Base
|
susbtrate that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
|
|
|
PH
|
measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H] and ranging in value 0-14
|
|
|
Buffer
|
substance consists of acid and base forms in solution and that minimizes chnages in ph when extraneous acids or bases are added to solution
|
|
|
Acid Precipitation
|
rain,snow, fog that is more acidic than ph 5.2
|
|
|
Organic Chemistry
|
study of carbon compounds
|
|
|
Hydrocarbons
|
organic molecule consist only of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Isomer
|
compound with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties structural geometric enatiomers
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
compound have same molecular formula but differ in covalent arrangement of atoms
|
|
|
Geometric Isomer
|
compound have same molecular formula and covalent arrangement but differ in spatial arrangement of atom owing to inflexibility double bond
|
|
|
Enatiomer
|
compound that mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Group
|
specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to carobon skeleton of organic molecule usually in chemical reaction
|
|
|
ATP
|
release free energy when its phosphate bond are hydrozlized energy used to drive endergonic reaction
|
|
|
Macromolecule
|
giant molecule formed by joining of small molecule usually by a condensation polysaccharide proteins nucleic acid
|
|
|
Polymer
|
long molecule consist of many similar or identical monomer linked together
|
|
|
Monomer
|
subunit that serves as building block of a polymer
|
|
|
Condensationn Reaction
|
reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through loss of small molecule usually water which case dehydration reaction
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
chemical reaction in which two molecule covalently bonded to each other with the removal of water molecule
|
|
|
Enzyme
|
macromolecule serving as catalyst chemical agent that changens the rate of reaction w/out being consumed by the reaction
|
|
|
Carbohydrate
|
sugar or one of its dimers or polymer
|
|
|
Monosaoccharide
|
simplest sugar carbohydrate active alone or serving as monomer for disacharride and polysaccharide simple sugar monosaccharide have molecular formula generally multiple of CH2O
|
|
|
Disaccharide
|
double sugar consist of 2 monosaccharide joined by glycosdic linkage formed during dehydration synthesis
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
covalent bond formed between two monosaccharide by dehydration reaction
|
|
|
Polysaccharide
|
polymer of many monosaccharide formed by dehydration reaction
|
|
|
Starch
|
storage polysaccharide in plants consist entirely of glucose monomer joined by glycosidic lnkage
|
|
|
Glycogen
|
extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle of animals
|
|
|
Cellulose
|
structural polysaccharide of plant cell wall consist of glucose monomer joined by B glycosidic linkage
|
|
|
Lipid
|
group of compound including fats phospholipid and steriod mix poorly if at with water
|
|
|
Fat
|
lipid consist of three fatty acid linked to one glycerol molecule
|
|
|
Fatty Acid
|
long carbon chain carboxylic acid vary in length and number and location of double bond three fatty acid linked to glycerol molecule form at fat molecule
|
|
|
Triacylglyerol
|
three fatty acids linked to one glcyerol molecule
|
|
|
Saturated Fatty Acid
|
fatty acid in which all carbons in hydrocarbon tain are connected by single bond thus maximizing number of hydrogen atoms are attached to carbon skeleton
|
|
|
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
|
fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between carbons in hydrocarbon tail such bonding reduce the number of hydrogen atom attached to carbon skeleton
|
|
|
Transfat
|
unsaturated fat containing ne or more trans double bond
|
|
|
Phospholipid
|
lipid made of glycerol join to 2 fatty acid and phosphate group hydrocarbon chain of fatty acid acts nonpolar hydrobic tails rest polar hydrophilic head
|
|
|
Steriod
|
type of lipid charactereized by carbon skeleton consist of four ring w/ various chemical group
|
|
|
Cholestrol
|
steriod that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts a precurseurs molecule for synthesis of other bio important steriod
|
|
|
Catalyst
|
chemial agent that increases th rate of a reaction without being consumed by a reaction
|
|
|
Poypeptide
|
polymer of many amnio acid linked together by peptide bonds
|
|
|
Protein
|
functional biological molecule consiting of one or more polypeptide folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure
|
|
|
Amino Acid
|
organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino group amino acid serve as monomers of polypeptides
|
|
|
Peptide Bond
|
covalent bond between carboxyl group an one aminoi acid and amino group of another formed by dehydration
|
|
|
Dehydration
|
process in which a protein unravels and loses native shape therby becoming biologically inactive DNA the seperation of two strands of double helix denaturation occurs under extreme condition of ph, salt, concentration, temperature
|
|
|
Chperonin
|
protein molecule that assits in proper folding of otehr proteins
|
|
|
X-ray Crystalography
|
technqiue that depends on diffraction of an x-ray beam by individal atoms of crystalized molecule to study 3d structure of molecule
|
|
|
Gene
|
discrete unit of heredity infromation consisting of specific nucleotide sequience in DNA
|
|
|
Nucleic Acid
|
polymer consist of many nucleotide monomer serve as blue print for protein and through the action of protein for all cellular activities DNA and RNA
|
|
|
DNA
|
double helix consist of nucleotide monomer with deoxyribose sugar and N base A,T,G,C able to replicated and inherited structure of cell proteins
|
|
|
RNA
|
type of nucleic acid consist of nucleuotide monomer w/ ribose sugar and N base A,U,G,C single stranded function in protein synthesis gene regulation and genoem in some view
|
|
|
Polynucleotide
|
polymer consist of many nucleotide monomer in a chain nucleotide can be those of DNA and RNA
|
|
|
Pyrimidine
|
type of nitrogenous base found in nucleotide characterized by 6-membraned ring C,T,U
|
|
|
Nucleotide
|
building block of nucleic acid consist of five carbon sugar covalently bonded to nitrogenous base and phosphate group
|
|
|
Purine
|
type of nitrogenous base found in nucleotides charactereized by six membraned ring fused to five membraned ring A, G
|
|
|
Ribose
|
sugar component of RNA nucleotide
|
|
|
Dexoyribose
|
sugar component of DNA nucleotide having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose the sugar component of DNA nucleotide
|
|
|
Double Helix
|
form of native DNA referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around imaginary axis into spiral shape
|
|
|
Antiparallel
|
opposite arrangement of sugar phosphate backbone in DNA double helix
|
|
|
Chitin
|
polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers found in many fungal cell walls and in exoskeleton of all anthropods
|
|
|
Primary Structure
|
level of protein structure referring to specific sequence of aminio acid
|
|
|
Secondary Structure
|
localized reptitive coiling or folding of the polypetide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of backbone
|
|
|
Teritary Structure
|
irregular contortions of a protein moleucle due to interaction of side chain involed in hydrophobic interaction ionic bond and hydrogen bonds and disulfide bond
|
|
|
Hydrophobic Interaction
|
weak chemical bond formed when molecule that don't mix with water cogleece to exclude water
|
|
|
Disulfide Bridge
|
strong covalent bond formed when sulfur of one C monomer bonds to sulfur of another C monomer
|
|
|
Quaternary Structure
|
particular shape of complex aggregate protein defined by charcteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunit each polpeptide
|
|
|
Light Microscopic
|
optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimans
|
|
|
Organelle
|
membrane-enclosed structure with specialized function suspened in cytosol of eukaryotic cell
|
|
|
Electron Microscope
|
microscope that uses magnet to focus an electron beam solving power a thousandfold greater than tat of light microscope
|
|
|
Transmisson Electron Micrscope
|
study of internal structure of thin sections of cell
|
|
|
Scanning Electron Microscope
|
study of the fine detail of cell surface
|
|
|
Cell Fractionation
|
disruption of a cell and seperation
|
|
|
Cytosol
|
semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Nucleoid
|
dense region of DNA in prokaryotic cell
|
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
conents to cell exclusive of nucleus and founded by plasma membrane
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
atom's central core contain protons and neutron the chromosome-contain organelle of eukaryotic cell a cluster of neutron
|
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
double membrane in eukaryotic cell that encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm
|
|
|
Nuclear Lamina
|
net like wavy of protein filaments living the inner surface of the nuclear envelope it helps maintain the shpae of nucleus
|
|
|
Chromosome
|
cellulose structure carry genetic material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cell each chromosome consists of one vary long DNA molecule and associated protein
|
|
|
Chromatin
|
complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosome when cell is not dividing chromatin exist in dispersed form mass of very long thin fiber that aren't visible with light microscope
|
|
|
Nucelolus
|
specialized structure in the nucleus consist of chromatin regions contain ribosomal RNA gene along with ribosomal proteins imported from cytoplasmic site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
|
|
|
Ribosome
|
complex of rRNA and protein molecule that functions as a site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm consit of large and small subunit is assembled in nucleous
|
|
|
Endomembrane System
|
collection of memebrane inside and around a eukaryotic cell related either through physical contact or transfer of membranous vesicle include smooth and rough er golgi apparatus, lysosome and vacuoles
|
|
|
Vesicle
|
sac made of membrane in cytoplasm
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
|
extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cell continuous w/ outer nuclear membrane and composed to ribosome studded and ribosome free
|
|
|
Smooth Er
|
portion of endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribsomome
|
|
|
Rough Er
|
portion of endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosome
|
|
|
Glycoprotein
|
protein with one or more carbohydrate covaelntly attached to it
|
|
|
Transport Vesicle
|
tiny membraneous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
|
|
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
organelle in eukaryotic cell consist of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify,store ,and route product of ER and sythesize some poduct notably non-cellulose carbohydrate
|
|
|
Lyosome
|
membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzyme found in cytoplasm of animal cell and some protist
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances are taken up by a cell it is carried out by some protist and by certain immune cells of animals
|
|
|
Food Vacuole
|
membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganism or particle to be used as food by the cell
|
|
|
Contractile Vacuole
|
membranous sac that helps move exces water out of certain fresh-water protist
|
|
|
Central Vsacuole
|
membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
organelle in eukarotic cell that serve as site of cellular respiration
|
|
|
Chloroplast
|
organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protist that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compound from Carbon Dioxide and water
|
|
|
Peroxisome
|
organelle containing enzyme that transfer hydrogen from vairous substrate to oxygen producing then degrading hydrogen peroxide
|
|
|
Cristae
|
an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitcohondrian that houses electron transport chain and molecule of the enezyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP
|
|
|
Mitochondrial Matrix
|
compartment of the mitochondria enclosed by the inner membrane and contain enzyme and substrate for citric acid cycle
|
|
|
Plastid
|
organelles that includes chloroplast, chromoplast, and mytoplast plastids are found in cell of phtoynthetic organsism
|
|
|
Thylakoid
|
flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast thylakoid exist in an interconnected system in the chloroplast and contain the molecular machinery used to covert light energy to chemical energy
|
|
|
Granum
|
stack of membrane -bounded thylakoid in the cholorplast grana function in the light reaction of photosynthesis
|
|
|
Stroma
|
micrscopic pore surrounded by guard cell in epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and interior ofthe plant
|
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
nework of microtubule, microfilament, intermediate filmaent that branch thoughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical transport and singnaling funcin
|
|
|
Motor Protein
|
portein that interact with cytoskeletal element and other cell component producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell
|
|
|
Microtubule
|
hollow rod composed of tubulin protein that make up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cell and found in cilia and flagela
|
|
|
Centrisome
|
structure present in cytoplasm of animal cell important during cell divison fucntion as microtubule-organizing center has 2 centrioles
|
|
|
Centriole
|
structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinde of microtubule triplets arranged in 9-0 pattern
|
|
|
Flagellum (flagella)
|
long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, eukaryotic flagella corve with nine outer doublet microtubules and twon liner single microtbule ensheatedd in extension of plasma membrane prokarotic flagella have different structure
|
|
|
Cilia
|
short cellular appendage contain microtubule motile cillium is specialized for locomotion and formed from cove 9-2 arrangment ensheated in an extension of plasma membrane primary cilium nonmotile and plays sensor and signal role lacks 2 inner microtuble (9-0 arrangment)
|
|
|
Basal Body
|
eukaryotic cell structure consist of 9-0 arrangment of microtubule triplets basal body may organize microtubule assembly of cilium of flagellum and strcturally very similar to centriole
|
|
|
Dynein
|
cilia and flagella large confractile protein extending from microtubule doublet to adjacement doublet ATP hydrolysis drives change in dynein shape lead to bending of cilia and flagella
|
|
|
Microfilament
|
capable composed of actin proteins in cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell making up part of cytoskeleton and acting alone or with mysoin to cause cell contraction
|
|
|
Actin
|
globular protien that links to chain two which twist helically about each other forming microfilament to cause cell contraction
|
|
|
Mysoin
|
type of protein filament that acts as a motor protien with actin filament to cause cell contraction
|
|
|
Psudopodia
|
cellular extension of ameoboid cell used in mvoing and feeding
|
|
|
Cytoplasmic streaming
|
circular flow of cytoplasm involing myosin and actin filament that speed the distribution of material within cells
|
|
|
Intermediate Filament
|
component of cytoskeleton that includes filament intermediate size between microtubules and microfilament
|
|
|
Cell Wall
|
protective layer external to plasma emmrbane in cell of plants, prokaryote fungi and some protist polysaccharide cellulose chitin and peptidoglycan important structure and component of cell wall
|
|
|
Primary Cell Wall
|
in plant relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by young cell
|
|
|
Middle Lamelia
|
in plant, a thin layer of adheisve extracellular material ,primarily necting found between teh primary walls of adjacent young cell
|
|
|
Secondary Cell Wall
|
in plants strong and duarble matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for cel protection adn support
|
|
|
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
|
substance in which animal cells are embedded consist of protien and polysaccharide synthesized and secrted by cell
|
|
|
Collagen
|
glycoprotein in the ECM of animal cellls that forms strong fibers found extensively in connective tissue and bone most abundant proton in animal kingdom
|
|
|
Proglycon
|
glycoprotein consist of small core with many carbohydrate chain attached found in ECM of animal cells can consist of up to 95% carbohydrate
|
|
|
Fibronectin
|
glycoprotein that helps animal cell attach to ECM
|
|
|
Intergrin
|
anmial cell a transmembrane receptor prtien that interconnect the ECM and Cytoskeleton
|
|
|
Plasmodesmata
|
open channel in the cell wall of plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell
|
|
|
Tight Junction
|
type of intercellular junction in animal cell that prevent the leakage of material between cell
|
|
|
Desmosome
|
type of intercellular junction in animal cell that funcin as a river
|
|
|
Gap Junction
|
type of intercellular junction in animal that allows the passage of materials between cell
|
|
|
Selective Permeability
|
property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passgae of substances
|
|
|
Amphiphathic
|
having both a hydrophilic region and hydrohphobic region
|
|
|
Fluid Mosiac Model
|
accepted model of cell membrane structure which envison the membrane as mosaic protein molecule drifting laterally in fluid bilayer of phsopholipids
|
|
|
Integral Proteins
|
transmembrane protein w/ hydrophobic region that extend into and often completely span hydrophobic interior of membrane w/ hydrophilic region in contact with aq solution on either side of memrbing lining the channel in the case of channel protein
|
|
|
Peripheral Protein
|
protein loosely bound to surface of a membrane or two part of an integral protein and not embedded in lipid bilayer
|
|
|
Glycolipid
|
lipid with covalenlty attached carbohydrate
|
|
|
Glycoprotein
|
protein with one or more carbohydrate covalently attached to it
|
|
|
Aquaporin
|
channel protein in plasma membrane of a plant animal or microorganism cell that specifically facilitaes osmosis teh diffusion of water across the membrane
|
|
|
Diffusion
|
spontaneous mvoement of a substance down its concentraton gradient from a reigon where it is more concentrated to region where it is less concentrated
|
|
|
Concentration Gradient
|
region along which the density of a chemical substance incrases or decrease
|
|
|
Passive Transport
|
difussion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy
|
|
|
Osmosis
|
diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane
|
|
|
Toncity
|
ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water
|
|
|
Isotonic
|
referring to a solution that when surrounding a cell has no effect on the passage of water into or out of the cell
|
|
|
Hypertonic
|
referring to the solution that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to lose water
|
|
|
Hypotonic
|
referring to a solution that when surrounding a cell will cause the cell to take up water
|
|
|
Osmoregulation
|
regulation of a solute concentration and wateer balance by a cell or organism
|
|
|
Turgid
|
swollen or distended as in plant cell is walled cell becomes turgid if it has greater solute conncentration tansist surrounding resulting in entry of water
|
|
|
Flaccid
|
limp in a plant cell in surrounding where there is no tendency for water to enter the cell
|
|
|
Plasmolysis
|
phenomenon in walled cell in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environement
|
|
|
Facilitate Diffusion
|
spontaneous passage of molecule or ions across biological membrane with the assistance of spcific transmembrane transport proteins
|
|
|
Ion Channel
|
transmbembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to flow across the memrbane down its concnetratin gradient
|
|
|
Gated Channel
|
transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particualr stimulus
|
|
|
Active Transport
|
movemnt of a substance across a cell omembrane with an expenditure of energy against its concentration or electrochemical gradiant, mediated by specific transport proteins
|
|
|
Sodium Potassium Pump
|
transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cell that actively transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell
|
|
|
Electrochemical Gradiant
|
diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane (chemical force) and ions tendency to move relative to the memrbane potnetial (electrical force)
|
|
|
Electronegative Pump
|
an ion transport protein taht generates voltage across a membrane
|
|
|
Proton Pump
|
active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport Hydrogen ion out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process
|
|
|
Co-Transport
|
coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one susbtrate to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient
|
|
|
Exocytosis
|
cellular secretion of biological molecule by the fusion of vesicle contianing them with the plasma membrane
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
type of endocytosis in which large particualte substance are taken up by a cell it is carried out by some protists and certain immune cells of animals
|
|
|
Pinocytosis
|
type of endocytosis in which cell ingest extracellular fluid and its dissolved solute
|
|
|
Receptor-Medicated Endocytosis
|
movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of membranous vesicle contain protein wiht receptor site specific to molecule being taken in enables a cell to acquire bulk quanities of specific substances
|
|
|
Ligand
|
molecule that binds specifically to another moleucle usually a larger one
|
|
|
Metabolism
|
totality of an organism chemical reaction consist of catabolic and anabolic pathway which manage material and energy resources of the organism
|
|
|
Metabolic Pathway
|
series of chemical reaction that either builds a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway)
|
|
|
Catabolic Pathway
|
metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecule to simple compound
|
|
|
Anabolic Pathway
|
metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule form simpler compound
|
|
|
Bioenergentics
|
overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism the study of how energy flows through organism
|
|
|
Thermal Energy
|
total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body or matter (thermal energy) heat is energy in its most random form
|
|
|
Potential Energy
|
energy that matter possess because of its location or structure
|
|
|
Chemical Energy
|
energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction a form of potential energy
|
|
|
Thermodynamics
|
study of energy transformation that occur in a collection of matter
|
|
|
1st Law of Thermodynamics
|
energy can be transferred and transformed, but it can't be created nor destroyed
|
|
|
Entropy
|
measure of disorder or randomness
|
|
|
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
|
every energy transfer or transformation increase the entropy of the universe orderd forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat
|
|
|
Free-energy
|
portion of a biological system energy that can perform work when temeperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
|
|
|
Exergonic Reaction
|
spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy
|
|
|
Gravational Motion
|
objects more spontaneously from a higher altitude to a lower one
|
|
|
Chemical Reaction
|
making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter
|
|
|
Endergonic Reactoin
|
non-spontanous chemical reaction in which free energy is abosrbed from the surrounding
|
|
|
Energy Coupling
|
cellular metabolism, the use of energy release from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
|
|
|
Phosphorylated
|
referring to a molecule that is covalent bonded to a phosphate gorup
|
|
|
Catalyst
|
chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction
|
|
|
Activation Energy
|
amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start
|
|
|
Substrate
|
reactant on which an enzyme works
|
|
|
Enzyme Substrate Complex
|
temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecular
|
|
|
Active Site
|
specific portion of an enzyme thta binds the substrate by means of multiple weak interaction and that fomrs the pocket in which catalyst occurs
|
|
|
Induced Fit
|
induced by entry of the substrate the chagne in shape of the active site of an enezyme so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate
|
|
|
Co-enzyme
|
organic molecule serving as a co-factor most vitamins functin as coenzymes in meabtolic reaction
|
|
|
Competitive Inhibition
|
substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the activity site in palce of the susbtrate whose structure mimics
|
|
|
Non-Competitive Inhibition
|
substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by bindg to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme shape so that the active site no longer funtion effectively
|
|
|
Alosteric Regulation
|
bindign of a regulatory moelucle to a protein at one site that affect the funciton of the protien at a different site
|
|
|
Cooperativity
|
kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape changing in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all oter facilitating binding of subsequent substrate molecule
|
|
|
Feedback Inhibition
|
mehtod of metabolic control in which the end product of metabolic pathway act an as inhibiter of an enzyme within that path was
|
|
|
Fermentation
|
catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and produce a characteristic end product ethyl alcohol and lactic acid
|
|
|
Aerobic Respiration
|
catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecule producing ATP most efficient catbolic pathwayand is carried out in most eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic organism
|
|
|
Cellular Repspiration
|
catabolic pathway of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which break down organic molecule for production of ATP
|
|
|
Redox Reaction
|
chemical reaction inovling the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons form one reactatn to another
|
|
|
Oxidation
|
loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
|
|
|
Reduction
|
addition of electosn to a substance involved in a redox reaction
|
|
|
Reducing Agent
|
electron donor in a redox reaction
|
|
|
Oxidizing Agent
|
electron acceptor in a redox reaction
|
|
|
NAD+
|
coenzyme that can accept an electron and acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain
|
|
|
Electron Transport Chain
|
sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane protein) htat shuttle electrons during the redox reaction that realseas energy used to make ATP
|
|
|
Glycolysis
|
splitting of glucose int o pyruvate glycosis occurs in alomsot all living cells surviving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration
|
|
|
Citric Acid Cycle
|
chemical cycle inovlving eight steps that complete the metabolic breakdown of gucose molecules begun in glycolsis by oxidinzing pyruvate to cabron dioxide occurs within th emitochondrion in eukaryotic cels and in the cytosol of prokaryotes Second stage in cellular respiration
|
|
|
Oxidative Phosphorlyation
|
production of ATP using energy derived form the redox reaction of an electron transport chain third stage in cellular respiration
|
|
|
Substrate- Level Phosphorylation
|
formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP form an intermediate substrate in catabolism
|
|
|
Acetyl CoA
|
the entry compound for the citric acid cycel in cellular respiration formed from a fragment of yruvate attached to a coenzyme
|
|
|
Cytochrome
|
an iron containing protein that is a a component of electron transport chain in mitochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cell and plasma membrane of prokaryotic cell
|
|
|
Chemisosmosis
|
enrgy-coupling mehcanism that uses energy stred in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP most ATP synthesis in cells occur by chemiosmosis
|
|
|
Proton Motive Force
|
potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient genergate by pumping of hydrogen ions across a biolgoical membrane during chemiosmosis
|
|
|
Alcohol Fermenation
|
glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
|
|
|
Lactic Acid Fermentation
|
glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactic with no release of carbon dioxide
|
|
|
Obligate Anaerobic
|
organism that only carries out fermentation of anerobic respiration organisms cant use oxygen and could be polished by it
|
|
|
Facilative Anaerboic
|
organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermenatn if oxygen is not present
|
|
|
Beta Oxidation
|
meatbolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2carbon fragments that enter that citric acid cycle as acetyl COA
|
|
|
Cell Divison
|
reproduction of cell
|
|
|
Somatic Cells
|
any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg
|
|
|
Gamete
|
haploid reproductive cell such as an egg or sperm gametes while during sexual reproduction to prodcue a diploid zygote
|
|
|
Chromatin
|
complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaroytic chromosome exist in dispersed from as mass of very long thin fibers that are not visible
|
|
|
Sister Chromatids
|
either of two copies of a dupilicated chromsome attached to each toher by proteins at the centromere and sometimes along the atom while jioned two sister chromatid make up one chromatid are eventually seperated during mitosis or meisosi II
|
|
|
Centromere
|
specialized region of the chromsome where two sister chromatid are most closely attached
|
|
|
Mitosis
|
process of nuclear divsion in eukaryotic cell conventionally divided into five phases prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chormosome equally to each daugher nucleoli
|
|
|
Cytokinsis
|
division of the cytoplasm to form two seperate daughter cell immediately after mitosis , meiosis I and II
|
|
|
Meiosis
|
modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organims consisting of two rounds of cell division but only round of DNA replicatn it results in cell with half the number of chromosome sets as the original cell
|
|
|
Mitotic (M) phase
|
phase of the cell cycel that includes mitosis and cytokinesis
|
|
|
Interphase
|
period in the cell cycle when the cell is not divding during interphase cellular metablic activity is high chromosome and organelles are duplicated and cell may increase interpahse accounts for 90% of the cell cycle
|
|
|
G1 phase
|
first gap or growth phase of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins
|
|
|
S Phase
|
synthesis pahase of the cell cycle the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated
|
|
|
G2 Phase
|
second gap or growth phase of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs
|
|
|
Prophase
|
first stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses the mitotic spindle beings to form and the nucleolous diappears but the nucleus remains intact
|
|
|
Prometaphase
|
second stage of mitosis in which discrete chromsome consist of identical sister chromatid appear the nuclear envelope fragment and the spindle microtubule attach the kinetochore of the chromosome
|
|
|
Metaphase
|
third stage of mitosis in which the spindle is compelte and the chromosome attached to microtbubules at their kintochore are all aligned at the metaphase plate
|
|
|
Anaphse
|
fourth stage of mitosis in which the chromatids of each chromosome have sperated and daugher chromosome are moving to the poles of the cell
|
|
|
Telophase
|
fifth and final stage of mitosis in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun
|
|
|
Mitotic Spindle
|
assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosome during mitosis
|
|
|
Centrosome
|
structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells important during cell division fucntions as a microtubule-organizing center has 2 centrioles
|
|
|
Aster
|
radical array of short microtubule that extends from each centrosome twoard the plasma membrane in animal cell undergoing mitosis
|
|
|
Kinetochore
|
structure of proteins attahced to the centromere that linkes each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle
|
|
|
Metaphase Plate
|
imaginary plane midwaybetween the two pols of a cell in metaphase on which the centrosomes of all the duplicated chromsome are located
|
|
|
Cleavage
|
process of cytokinesis in animal cell characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane the succession of rapid cell division without significant growth during early embryonic develpment that converts the zygote to a ball of cell
|
|
|
Clevage Furrow
|
first sign of clevage in an animal cell a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate
|
|
|
Cell Plate
|
double-membrane across the midline of a divding plant cell between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis i
|
|
|
Binary Fission
|
method of asexual reproduction by divison in half in prokaryotes binary fision does not involved mtisosi sbut in single-celled eukaryotes that undero binary fission mitosis is patt of the process
|
|
|
Orgin of Replication
|
site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins consiting of a specific sequence of nucleotides
|
|
|
Cell Cycle
|
ordered sequence of events in the life cycle of a cell from its orgin in the divisoni into ttow eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of inerphase (G1,S, G2) and M phase (including mtisosi and cytokinesis)
|
|
|
Cell Cycle Control System
|
cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle
|
|
|
Checkpoint
|
control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle
|
|
|
G0 Phase
|
nondividng state occupied by cells hta have left the cell cyle
|
|
|
Cyclin
|
cellular protein that occurs in a cyclinally fluctutating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle
|
|
|
Cycling-Dependant Kinase (CDK)
|
protein kinase that is active only when attached to particular cyclin
|
|
|
MPF (maturation promoting factor)
|
protein complex required for a cell to progress form later interpahase to mitosis active form consist of cycling and protein kinase
|
|
|
Growth Factor
|
protein that must be present in the extra cellular environment for the growth and normal developement of certain type of cells a local regulate that acts on a nearby celsl toe stimulate cell prolificaon and differentiation
|
|
|
Density-Dependent Inhibiiton
|
phenomenon observed in normal animal cells tha causes them to stop dividing iwhe nthey come into contact with one another
|
|
|
Anchroage Dependence
|
requirement that cell must be attached to a substratum in order to dividie
|
|
|
transformation
|
conversion of normal animal cell to cancerous cell a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimlilation of externa lDNA by a cell
|
|
|
Benign tumor
|
mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of its orgin
|
|
|
Malignant Tumor
|
cancerous tumor thati s invasive enought to impair the functions of one or more organs
|
|
|
Metasis
|
spread of cancer cell to locations distant form their original site
|
|
|
Heredity
|
transmission of traits from one generation to the next
|
|
|
Variation
|
differnces between members of the same species
|
|
|
genes
|
discrete unit of hereidty information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
|
|
|
locus
|
specific place along the length of a chromosome where a givengeen is located
|
|
|
asexual reproduction
|
generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs w/out the fusion of gametes in most cases the offspring are identical to the parent
|
|
|
clone
|
lineage of genetically identicial individuals or cells in a popular usage a sing indvidiual to another individual as a verb to make one or more genetic replicas of an individual or a cell
|
|
|
sexual reproduction
|
type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from gametes of the parents
|
|
|
life cycle
|
generation-to-generation sequence of stages in reproductive history of an organism
|
|
|
somatic cell
|
any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg
|
|
|
karyotype
|
display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape
|
|
|
homologus chromsome
|
pair of chromosome of the same length,centromere position, and starting pattern that possess genes for the same charctersat corresponds loci one homologous chromosome inherited from the organism father, and the other from the mother
|
|
|
sex chromsome
|
a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of indvidual
|
|
|
autosome
|
chromsome that is not directly involved in dtermining sex no a sex chromosome
|
|
|
diploid cell
|
cell containing two sets of chromosomes (ZN) one set inhertied from both parents
|
|
|
haploid cell
|
cell containing only one set of chromsomes
|
|
|
fertilization
|
the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote the addition of mineral nutriends to the soil
|
|
|
zygote
|
diploid product of the union of the haploid gamets during fertilization a fertilized
|
|
|
Meiosis
|
modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing organism consisting of two rounds of cell divsion but only one round of DnA replication it results in cells with hafl the number of chromsome sets as the orignial cell
|
|
|
Alternation of Generation
|
life cycle in which there is both multicellular diploid form the sporophyte and multicellular, haploid form, the gamete tophyte characteristic of plants and some algae
|
|
|
Sporophyte
|
organism that have alternation of generations teh multicellular diploid form that resutls from the union of spores by meiosis that develop int ogametophyte
|
|
|
Spore
|
life cycle of plant or algae undergoing aleternation of generation, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meisois a spore can divide by mitosis to devvelop into multicellular haploid indvidual the gameotyphte without fusing wiht anoher cell in fungi a haploid cell producecd a mycelium afer germination
|
|
|
Gametoyphyte
|
in organisms that have alternation of generations, multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis the haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophyte
|
|
|
Meiosis I
|
first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organism tht results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets are the original cell
|
|
|
Meiosis II
|
second division of a two-stage process of cell divison in sexually reproducing organism that results in cells with half the numbner of chromsome sets as the original cell
|
|
|
Synaposis
|
pairing and physical connection of replicated homologus chromsome during prophase I of Meiosis
|
|
|
Crossing Over
|
reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromosome chromatids during prophase I of meiosis
|
|
|
Chiasma
|
x-shaped micoscopically visible region where homologus nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meisos the two omologys remaiing associtaed due to sister chromatid cohesion
|
|
|
Recombinant Chromosome
|
chromsoome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromsome
|
|
|
Character
|
observale heritable feature
|
|
|
Trait
|
any detectable varient in genetic character
|
|
|
Ture breeding
|
referring to plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self polinate
|
|
|
Hybridization
|
in genetic the mating or crossing of two true breeding varities
|
|
|
F1 Generation
|
first final or hybrid offspring in a series of genetic crosses
|
|
|
F2 Generation
|
offspring resulting from interbreeding of hybrid F1 generation
|
|
|
Allele
|
any of the alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotype effects
|
|
|
Doinant Allele
|
an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
|
|
|
Recessive Allele
|
an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterzygote
|
|
|
Law of Segregation
|
Mendel's first law stating that the two allele in a pair segregate into different gamete during gamete formation
|
|
|
Punnett Square
|
diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted resutls of random fertilization in a genetic cross
|
|
|
Homozygous
|
having two identical alleles for a given gene
|
|
|
Heterozygous
|
having two different alleles for a given gene
|
|
|
Phenotype
|
physical and physiologoical traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup
|
|
|
Genotype
|
genetic makeup of set of allele of an organism
|
|
|
Testcross
|
breeding of an organism of unknown gentic the ratio of phenotypes in offspring reveal unknown genotype
|
|
|
Monohybrid
|
organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest all the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles
|
|
|
Dihybrid
|
organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest all the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for diferent alleles
|
|
|
Law of independent assortment
|
mendel's second law stating that each pair of allele segregate or assorts independtly of each other pair during gamete formation applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosome
|
|
|
Complete Dominance
|
situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
|
|
|
Incomplete Dominance
|
situation in which the phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between the pheontypes of individual homozygous for eitehr alleel
|
|
|
Co-Dominance
|
situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both allele affect the phenotype in seperate distinguishable ways
|
|
|
Spore
|
life cycle of plant or algae undergoing aleternation of generation, a haploid cell produced in the sporophyte by meisois a spore can divide by mitosis to devvelop into multicellular haploid indvidual the gameotyphte without fusing wiht anoher cell in fungi a haploid cell producecd a mycelium afer germination
|
|
|
Gametoyphyte
|
in organisms that have alternation of generations, multicellular haploid form that produces haploid gametes by mitosis the haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophyte
|
|
|
Meiosis I
|
first division of a two-stage process of cell division in sexually reproducing organism tht results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets are the original cell
|
|
|
Meiosis II
|
second division of a two-stage process of cell divison in sexually reproducing organism that results in cells with half the numbner of chromsome sets as the original cell
|
|
|
Synaposis
|
pairing and physical connection of replicated homologus chromsome during prophase I of Meiosis
|
|
|
Crossing Over
|
reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromosome chromatids during prophase I of meiosis
|
|
|
Chiasma
|
x-shaped micoscopically visible region where homologus nonsister chromatids have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meisos the two omologys remaiing associtaed due to sister chromatid cohesion
|
|
|
Recombinant Chromosome
|
chromsoome created when crossing over combines the DNA from two parents into a single chromsome
|
|
|
Character
|
observale heritable feature
|
|
|
Trait
|
any detectable varient in genetic character
|
|
|
Tay-Sachs Disease
|
human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for dysfunction enzyme, leading to accumulation of lipids in the brain desnegration of moter and mental performance usually beomce manifest a few months after birth and folowed by death in a few years
|
|
|
Pleiotropy
|
ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
|
|
|
Epistasis
|
type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited
|
|
|
Quantitive Character
|
heritable feature htat varies continuously over a range rather than in an either or fashion
|
|
|
Polygenic Inheritence
|
an addtive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
|
|
|
Norm of Reaction
|
the range of phenotype produced by a single genotype due to environmental influence
|
|
|
Multifactoral
|
referring to a phenotypic character trait is influenced by mulitple gene and environmental factor
|
|
|
Pedigree
|
diagram of a family tree showing the occurence of heritablet charcters in parents and offspring over multiple generations
|
|
|
Carriers
|
genetics an individual who is heterozygous at a given gentic locus with one normal allel and one recessive allele the heterozygotes is phenotypically dominant for the character determined by genet but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring
|
|
|
Cystic Fibrosis
|
human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection fatal if untreated
|
|
|
Sickle-Cell Disease
|
human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that results in the subsittion of a single amino acid in a globin polypeptide that is part of the hemoglobin protein charcterized by deformed red blood cells taht can lead to humerous symptoms
|
|
|
Hunnington's disease
|
human gentic disease cuasded by a dominant allele characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nerovous system usually fatal 10-20 years afer onset of symptoms
|
|
|
aminocenitesis
|
technique of prenatal diagnosis in which aminotic fluid obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted to the uterus is analyzed to genetic and cognetial defects in the fetus
|
|
|
Chorionic virus sampling
|
technique of prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placental is removed and analyzed to detect certain ggenetic and cogential defects in the fetus
|
|
|
Chromsome theory of inheriteance
|
basic principle in biology stating that genes are lcoated on chromsome and that the behavior of chromsome during meiosis accounts for inheritance pattern
|
|
|
Wild Type
|
an individual with a phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations
|
|
|
Sex-Linked Gene
|
gene located on a sex chromosome resulting in distnictive pattern of inheritance
|
|
|
Duchenne Musclae Dystrophy
|
human gentic disease cause by a sex-linked recessive allele characterized by progressive weakening and loss of muscle tissue
|
|
|
Hemophilia
|
human genetic disease caused by sex-linked recessive allele in resulting in the abscence of one or more blood-clotting protiens characterized by excessive bleed following in jry
|
|
|
Barr Body
|
dense object lying along the insidee of the nuclear envelope in cells of female,representing a highly condensed inactivated x chromssome
|
|
|
Linked Gene
|
gene located close enough togher on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together
|
|
|
Genetic Recombination
|
general term for the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent
|
|
|
Parental Type
|
an offspring with a phenotype that matness one of the potential phenotypes
|
|
|
Recombinant
|
an offspring whose pheontype differs from that of the parents
|
|
|
Crossing Over
|
reciporcal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids
|
|
|
Gentic Map
|
orderedd list of gentic locci along a chromsome
|
|
|
Linkage Map
|
genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologus chromsome
|
|
|
Map Unit
|
unit of measurement of the distance beween gene one map unit is equvialent to 1% recombniant frequence
|
|
|
Cytogentic Map
|
chart of a chromsome that lcoates gene with respect to chromsomal features distinguishable in microscope
|
|
|
Nondisjunction
|
an error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologus chromsome or a proir of sister chromatids fail to seperate properly from each other
|
|
|
Aneuploidy
|
chromsomal aberriaton in which one or more chormosome are present in extra copies or deficient in number
|
|
|
Monosomic
|
reffering to a cell that has only one copy of a prticular chromsome instead of the normal two
|
|
|
Trisomic
|
referring to a diploid cell that has three of a particular chromsome instead of the normal two
|
|
|
Polypidy
|
chromsomal alternation in which the organism possess mroe than two complete chromsome set it is the resutlto of an accident cell division
|
|
|
duplicaion
|
aberration in achromsome structure due to fasion with fragment from a homologus chromsome such that a portion of a chromsome is duplicated
|
|
|
Translocation
|
aberation in a chromsome structure resulting from attachemetn of chromsomal fragment to a non homolgoous chromosome during protein sytneehs is the third stage in the elongation cycle when the RNA carrying the grwoing polypetid e mores from the A site to p Site on the ribosome the transport of organic nutrients in the pholem of vasucalr plans
|
|
|
Down Syndrom
|
human genetic disease caused by the presence of an extra chromsome 21 characterized by mental retardation heart adn respitaory defects
|
|
|
Genomic imprinting
|
phenomenon in which an expression of an allele is inherited from the male or female parent
|
