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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define binary fission. Identify the type of cells that divide by this process. |
A form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes and some organelles within eukaryotic organisms. The most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. |
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Describe how prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes differ. |
Prokaryotic Chromosomes - Found in cytoplasm Circular chromosome attached to inside of the cell membrane. Single chromosome Made of only DNA Copies its chromosome and divides immediately afterwards. Found in nucleus Linear chromosomes Many chromosomes Human body cells have 46 chromosomes. Made of chromatin Copies chromosomes, then the cell grows (G2 phase), the goes through mitosis to organize chromosomes in two equal groups. |
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List the stages of the cell cycle in the correct order |
(Interphase) G1 Phase, S Phase,G2 Phase,Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase, Telophase Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis |
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What happens in Interphase? |
- cell increases in volume - cell replicates its DNA - cell duplicates its organelles ~ All in preparation for mitosis |
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What happens in prophase? |
Chromosomes condense and become thousands of times more compact than they were during interphase. |
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What happens in Metaphase? |
The chromosomes align in the middle of the cell. |
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What happens in anaphase? |
The chromosomes split in half, one part goes to each side. |
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What happens in Telophase? |
The middle of the cell pinches together to create two independent cells |
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Define cytokinesis |
-Division of the cytoplasm of a cell -The physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. ~ Results in two daughter cells |
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Explain how the process of cytokinesis differs between animal and plant cells. |
??? |
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Identify the number of products of mitosis. |
The end result is two daughter cells that are chromosomally identical to the parent. |
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Summarize the functions of mitosis |
Cell Replacement Growth Asexual Reproduction |
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Describe telomeres |
The caps at the end of each strand of DNA that protect our chromosomes, like the plastic tips at the end of shoelaces. |
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Describe 3 characteristics of cancerous cells. |
-Exhibit Uncontrolled Growth -Lack Differentiation - Normally, cells become differentiated and become capable of specific functions -Normal cells stop dividing when they become crowded because mitosis is inhibited when cells contact nearby cells. Cancer cells continue to divide and produce a mass of cells called a tumor. |
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Define karyotype. |
A karyotype is an individual's collection of chromosomes. The term also refers to a laboratory technique that produces an image of an individual's chromosomes. |
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Identify the number of chromosomes in a normal human karyotype. What is the function of the technique karyotype? |
The karyotype is used to look for abnormal numbers or structures of chromosomes. 46 is the normal amount of chromosomes. |
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Describe homologous chromosomes.
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One chromosome of each homologous pair comes from the mother (called a maternal chromosome) and one comes from the father (paternal chromsosome). |
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Identify the number of pairs in human somatic cells. |
22 (Reproductive chromosomes are not in somatic cells.) |
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What is a somatic cell? |
A somatic cell is any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells. |
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Differentiate between autosomes and sex chromosomes |
• Autosomes are homologous chromosomal pairs and sex chromosomes are partially homologous chromosomal pairs. • Sex chromosomes involve in sex determination and autosomes do not involve in sex determination. • In sex chromosomes, Y chromosome is shorter and in autosomal pairs both the chromosomes are of the same height. • In sex chromosomal pair, the position of the centromere may not be the same and, in autosomal pairs, the position of the centromere is the same. |
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identify the number of pairs of each in a human somatic cell. |
44 autosomes(22 pair) 2 sex chromosomes (1 pair) a total of 23 pair |
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__________________ reduces the chromosome number by half in new cells. |
Meiosis |
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What is the type of cell divison that results in the production of gametes? |
Meiosis |
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What does meiosis produce? |
haploid cells |
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What type of reproduction does meiosis refer to? |
Sexual |
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How many chromosomes does a haploid cell contain? |
1/2 the number as the parent cell |
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Differentiate between haploid and diploid cells. |
Haploid cells are sex cells and they contain 1/2 the genetic information necessary to make a new organism. Diploid cells are somatic or body cells and contain all the genetic information of an organism. So in summary, you have 46 chromosomes in every cell except your sex cells which only have 23. |
