Bio Test 5: Circulatory System

Front 1

What does the invertebrate circulatory system include?

Back 1

the circulation of water through a gastrovascular cavity, the movement of body fluids within the pseudocoelom, an open circulatory system, and a closed one

Front 2

Describe the open circulatory system

Back 2

has muscular tube (heart) which pumps hemolymph through channels and cavities which drain back to the heart

Front 3

Describe the closed circulatory system

Back 3

has blood always enclosed within the blood vessels

Front 4

what type of circulatory system do vertebrates have?

Back 4

a closed circulatory system

Front 5

closed circulatory system:
Fish
Amphibians and most reptiles
mammals, birds, and crocodilians

Back 5

the fish has a two chambered heart that pumps to the gills and then to the rest of the body and back to the heart
amphibians and most reptiles (3.5) have a three chambered heart and double circulation pattern.
- possible mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in single ventricle
mammals, birds, and crocodilians with a four chambered heart and double circulation patter
- pulmonary circulation - heart to lungs to heart
- systemic circulation - heart to body to heart

Front 6

describe pulmonary circulation

Back 6

heart to lungs to heart
in mammals, birds, and crocodilians

Front 7

describe systemic circulation

Back 7

heart - body - heart
in mammals, birds, and crocodilians

Front 8

what is the membrane sac that surrounds the human heart?

Back 8

the pericardium

Front 9

what is the heart wall mostly made of?

Back 9

myocardium - cardiac muscle tissue (striated, branched, involuntary)

Front 10

describe the four chambers of the human heart

oxygenated after it reaches the lungs because thats where the oxygen is stored

Back 10

two atria and two ventricles form a simultaneous double pump within the same heart
1) vena cava and coronary sinus bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
2) pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
3) pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the right atrium
4) aorta takes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body (including heart muscle itself)
5) blood vessels and heart are connected into two loops (double circulation)

Front 11

what kind of flow do the valves in the human heart have?

Back 11

forward flow only

Front 12

describe the two different valves in the human heart

Back 12

atrioventricular (AV) valves - between the atria and ventricles
- tricuspid - between the right atrium and right ventricle; 3 flaps
- bicuspid or mitral - between the left atrium and left ventricle; 2 flaps
semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) - between the ventricles and exiting arteries made up of three half-moon cusps

Front 13

what makes the sound of a heartbeat?

Back 13

closing valves cause the lubb-dupp sound of a heartbeat through a stethoscope

Front 14

what is blood pressure?

Back 14

the measure of pressure (mm of Hg) that blood exerts on artery wall

Front 15

When is your blood pressure greatest and when is it the least?

Back 15

its at the greatest when the ventricles contract (systole) and least when the ventricles relax (diastole)

Front 16

what is blood pressure expressed as?

Back 16

systolic pressure/diastolic pressure (120/80 is normal for males)

Front 17

what is hypertension and what are some examples that could lead to it?

Back 17

high blood pressure
stress, emotion, peripheral resistance, cardiac output, blood volume in system

Front 18

what is the conduction system?

Back 18

allows heartbeat independent from nervous system

Front 19

conduction system:
where is the sino-atrial (SA) node located and what does it do?

Back 19

located in wall between 2 atria = pacemaker
it initiates a heartbeat with the spontaneous depolarization of cardiac muscle cells, and the electrical impulse causes both the atria to contract simultaneously

Front 20

conduction system:
where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located and what does it do?

Back 20

located between atria and ventricles
it receives an impulse from the SA node and it sends out its own impulse through a network of fibers (bundle of His) to Purkinje fibers which stimulate myocardial cells causing both the ventricles to sontract simultaneously

Front 21

conduction system:
what can affect the heart rate and what is it measured by?

Back 21

hormones, impulses from brain, and level of fitness
measured by heartbeats

Front 22

describe what arteries do
hint: first step is taking away blood from heart

Back 22

take blood away from the heart, branch into arterioles, which branch into capillaries, which merge into venules, which merge into veins that take blood back to the heart

Front 23

what happens to the blood vessels as the arteries branch?

Back 23

they get smaller in diameter, and their walls get thinner and thinner, losing muscle and connective tissue

Front 24

describe capillaries

Back 24

tubes of single squamous epithelium and they're so small that that blood cells must pass through them in single file

Front 25

All exchanges of gases and nutrients occur at the _______ by ________

Back 25

capillaries by diffusion

Front 26

what happens as capillaries merge into venules, which merge into veins?

Back 26

the blood vessels get larger and add tissue layers to their walls

Front 27

what do veins have that arteries do not?

Back 27

valves

Front 28

why do arteries have a thicker muscle layer than veins?

Back 28

because of greater blood pressure

Front 29

if blood pressure in aorta is 120, what would the pressure of each of the subcategories be?

Back 29

arterioles = 60
capillaries = 30
venules = 15
veins = 5

Front 30

because of low blood pressure, what is needed to squeeze the veins to help move the blood towards the heart?

Back 30

movement of skeletal muscles

Front 31

describe varicose veins

Back 31

thin walls give out under weight of stagnant blood

Front 32

what are lymph capillaries and what do they do?

Back 32

they are blind-end microscopic vessels that pick up spilled lymph from blood

Front 33

where do lymphatics come from? describe their anatomy

Back 33

they come from merged capillaries
they have the same structure as veins except thinner walls, more valves, and lymph nodes at intervals

Front 34

where do lymphatics pass lymph on the right and left sides?

Back 34

the left lymphatic passes lymph to the thoraic duct and onto the left subclavian veins.
the right lymphatic passes lymph to the lymphatic duct and onto the right subclavian veins

Front 35

describe erythrocytes

Back 35

erythrocytes are rbc's with no nucleus, no organelles, but they contain hemoglobin (oxygen carrying pigment)
it appears red with O2 (oxyhemoglobin) or blue-red without it
they have a four month life span and then they're filtered out by the spleen

Front 36

describe leucocytes

Back 36

leucocytes are wbc's that have nucleus and organelles but no hemoglobin.
granular - neutrophils (most common), eosinophils, and basophils
agranular - lymphocytes (most common) and monocytes
they are outnumbered by rbc's 700:1, short lived, and may not live in blood

Front 37

describe thrombocytes

Back 37

thrombocytes are platelets
they're fragments of megakaryocytes and function in clotting (coagulation) of blood

Front 38

what is plasma made of?

Back 38

91% plasma and 9% solutes (ie. plasma proteins)

Front 39

what do blood cells pass through in single file?

Back 39

capillaries

Front 40

what type of cell is responsible for immunity?

Back 40

leucocytes