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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the major recyclers of dead plants in terrestrial ecosystems? |
Fungi |
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How do fungi impact society commercially and economically? |
major recyclers Food (Commercial) Disease (economic) |
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Fungi are “traders” with plants via _____. |
symbioses |
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Are eukaryotes chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, or photoheterotrophs? |
Eukaryotes – Chemoheterotrophs |
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What are the basic lifestyles of fungi? Describe each lifestyle? |
1. Saprobes/saprophytes: degrade and absorb dead organic matter
2. mutualists - nutritional partners of almost all vascular plants (both partners benefit).
3. Parasites: serious pathogens of plants and animals.
4. Predators |
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How do fungi function as plant parasites? Give examples of animal parasite fungi. |
Plant parasites: fungus invading plant cells
ex.smut, Penicillium |
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How do fungi function as animal parasites? Give examples of animal parasite fungi. |
yeasts - infections of mucous membranes of humans etc.
ex. Ring worms, Nemotodes |
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How do fungi function as predators? |
They become parasites |
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Are most fungi multicellular or unicellular? |
multicellular |
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What are mycelia? |
mass of hyphae |
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What is a unicellular fungus? |
yeasts |
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What do the cell walls of fungi contain? |
chitin - a polysaccharide |
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What are hyphae? |
Branches |
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What is the purpose of hyphae? |
give fungi large surface area– to–volume ratio – digest externally and absorb nutrients through cell membranes. |
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How do fungi digest and absorb nutrients? |
Through the Hyphe |
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Are hyphae divided into separate cells? What does this result in? |
Hyphae usually not divided into separate cells - multinucleate cells. |
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Describe two types of multinucleate cells found in fungi? |
Coenocytic and dikaryotic states |
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Give examples of food formed from fungi.
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mushrooms, truffles, cheeses leaven breads Soy sauce beer, wine |
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What is an example of a fungus used for an antibiotic? |
Penicillin from Penicillium |
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What are the four types of asexual reproduction in fungi? |
• spores (formed within sporangia) • conidia (formed naked at tips of hyphae) • budding (cell division) |
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How do fungi reproduce sexually? Give examples.
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when hyphae (or motile cells) of different mating types meet and fuse.
(zygospores, ascospores, basidiospores) |
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Many fungi exhibit a third ____ condition. Describe this condition. |
nuclear condition: the dikaryotic, or n + n state.
beginning of sexual reproduction but delay fusion of nuclei. |
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What are the fungi phyla? Describe each and provide examples. |
-Chytrids - water molds- (cell wall is chitin or cellulose! [closest to Protista])
-Zygomycotes - black bread mold
-Ascomycotes - yeasts, morels, truffles
-Basidiomycotes - mushrooms |
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Where do chytrids primarily live? |
live primarily in water |
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Where are mutualistic chytrids important? |
Mutualistic chytrids important in the guts of herbivores as cellulase |
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What do the spores and gametes of chytrids have? What are these similar to? |
flagella and are similar to animal sperm cells |
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Where to zygomycota primarily dwell? |
Primarily soil dwellers |
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What is the reproductive structure in zygomycota and how does it form? |
zygosporangium
Haploid hyphae of different mating types fuse |
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Some zygomycota parasitize other ____ and ______. |
fungi and arthropods |
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What are dark bodies of zygomycota called? |
zygosporagia |
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What is another term for Ascomycota? |
sac fungi |
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What are the reproductive structures in Ascomycota called? |
asci |
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_______ is an Ascomycota which is used as a source for antibiotics and making cheese. |
Penicillium |
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_______ is an Ascomycota which produces citric acid used to flavor soda and candy. |
Aspergillus |
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What are two types of Ascomycota which are very expensive (can bring $800/lb)? |
Truffles and morels |
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Which phylum forms lichens? |
Ascomycota |
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Which phylum can be toxic or hallucinogenic? |
Basidiomycota, or club fungi |
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Which phylum forms fairy rings? |
Basidiomycota |
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What is the layperson term for Pilobolus? |
Dung cannon, or hat thrower |
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What is another term for Basidiomycota? |
Club fungi |
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What are the reproductive structures in basidiomycota called? |
basidia |
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Basidiomycota are the only organism (excluding prokaryotes) able to synthesize ____ _____.
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lignin peroxidase |
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How do you determine which phyla a fungus belongs to? |
Phlya differ in their reproductive structures |
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What are septa? |
usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. |
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How do you differentiate between the reproductive structures in fungi? |
mechanisms of spore formation, and presence and form of septa in their hyphae |
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Which phyla are monophyletic? |
ascomycetes and basidiomycetes |
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Which phylum is the most basal group? |
chytrids |
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What do imperfect fungi lack? What can identify the phylum to which they belong? |
sexual structures
DNA sequencing |
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Are fungi more closely related to animals or land plants? Provide evidence. |
Fungi are more closely related to animals than to land plants.
-some animal phyla and fungi synthesize chitin. -Chytrid flagella very similar to those in animals. -Animals and fungi store food by synthesizing the polysaccharide glycogen |
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Some animal phyla and fungi synthesize _____. |
chitin |
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Chytrid ____ are very similar to those in animals. |
flagella |
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Animals and fungi store food by synthesizing the polysaccharide _______. |
glycogen |
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What are mycorrhizae and what do they do/enhance? What percentage of land plants do they make up? |
associations of fungi with plant roots, enhance the ability of the roots to absorb water and nutrients. |
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What is an Indian pipe? What is it completely dependent on? |
a plant without chlorophyll, completely dependent upon mycorrhizae |
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What are lichens? In what type of environments can they sometimes be found? |
mutualistic combinations - found in some very inhospitable environments. |
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Researchers note few fossil records of _____ ______ during the Carboniferous. What is the hypothesis regarding these findings? |
fungi
fungal absence responsible for enormous buildup of dead plant material (i.e., COAL) in that period! |
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When was there a huge increase in the number of fungal fossils? What does this coincide with/indicate? |
end of the Permian
greatest mass extinction |
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Known species of fungi are a ___ fraction of diversity. |
tiny |
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What are tree diseases caused by fungi? |
-Chestnut blight -Dutch elm disease |
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What organism assists in Dutch elm disease? |
bark beetles |
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The kingdom Animalia shares a common ancestor with which group of Protista? |
Choanoflagellate |
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What is a choanoflagellate? |
similar to a type of sponge cell |
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What are the 3 main traits of animals? |
-Multicellular body plan -Chemoheterotrophic -Diploid form dominant |
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Explain the multicellular body plan of animals. |
- via specialization of cells - nervous and muscle tissue (only in animals) - no cell walls |
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Do animals have cell walls? |
No |
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What types of germ tissues can animals have? |
ecto- meso- endoderm |
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What are the six major innovations of animals? Describe the types of each innovation. |
1.germ tissues 2.Symmetry 3.Gut 4.Body cavity = coelom 5.Segmentation 6.Cephalization
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Tell which is unicellular and which is multicellular of each of the following: protozoa and metazoa. |
protozoa unicellular metazoa multicellular |
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Sponges are the _____ animal lineage. |
Porifera |
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Sponges = ________. |
Porifera |
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Are sponges complex? |
No |
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What innovations do sponges lack? |
-no germ cell layers. - no true tissues or organs
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Sponges are ____ feeders. |
filter |
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What are choanocytes? |
create flow and filter food |
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What are spicules? |
internal spines for protection
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Spicule composition is used in ________. |
classification
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Body plans are basic ______ ______. |
Structural Designs |
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There is ______ or _____ symmetry in nearly all animals. |
radia or bilateral |
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How do animals with radial symmetry move? |
slowly, if at all
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How do animals with bilateral symmetry move? |
more rapid movement |
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Where are sensory organs concentrated generally? |
sensory organs concentrated at head |
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What are cnidarians? Give examples. |
- slightly more complex animals
ex. jellyfish, corals, anemones |
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Are cnidarians more or less complex than sponges? |
More |
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Describe the innovations present in cnidarians. |
• radial symmetry • true tissues |
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What have stingers on tentacles? How are these stingers used? |
Cnidocytes/ nematocysts - stingers on tentacles - used for food capture and defense
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Cnidarians have a _____ ____ stage. Which cnidarians are in this stage? |
polyp stage (eg. anenome, corals) |
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Cnidarians have a free swimming _____ stage. Which cnidarians are in this stage? |
medusa stage (eg. jellyfish) |
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Animals with three germ cell layers are _______ ______, and either have what? |
bilaterally symetrical
body cavity |
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What are organisms with no body cavity? What are organisms with a body cavity? Give examples of both. |
● acoelomates - eg. flatworms |
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Describe coelem. |
movement: - more flexible. - hydrostatic skeleton.
space - enables organ growth (eg. ovaries).
size - can increase as more surface area for cellular exchange. |
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What type of skeletons do coelem have? |
Hydrostatic Skeleton |
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How do the space and size of coelem work? |
can increase as more surface area for cellular exchange. |
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Describe acoelomates |
No body cavity many are parasitic |
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Describe the innovations in flatworms. |
• bilateral symmetry • some organs |
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What is the scientific name of flatworms? |
Platyhelminthes |
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Roundworms=_______. |
Nematoda |
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What is the innovation in pseudocoelomates? |
body cavity |
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Do nematodes have separate or both sexes in organisms?
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sepreate |
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Where are roundworms found? |
beer mug coasters |
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Most animals are __________. |
coelomates |
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The two groups of coelomates are determined based on how the ____ ____ forms. What are these two groups and where is the blastospore found in each? Give examples. |
Protostomes - blastopore = mouth Deuterostomes - blastopore = anus |
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Give examples of segmented worms. |
earthworms, leeches |
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What are the characteristics of viruses? |
• various shapes. • cannot reproduce on their own - use many types of hosts |
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Viruses may be ___-____ life. |
non-cellular |
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What size are viruses? |
small (smaller than a cell) |
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Genetic material of viruses is either ____ or ____. |
DNA or RNA |
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Nucleic acid is either ____ or ____ stranded. |
single or double |
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What is a protein coat called? |
capsid |
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What are viruses with a lipid-protein outer membranes called? |
enveloped viruses |
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How does influenza replicate? |
replicates its RNA into complementary strand, then makes copies of its RNA |
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How does HIV replicate? |
reverse transcriptase |
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How can you treat HIV? |
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibtors
Protease inhibitors |
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What are bacteriophages? |
Viruses that infect bacteria. |
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What are the bacteriophage e cycles? How does each cycle work? |
• lytic cycle - burst cells. • lysogenic cycle - viral nucleic acid inserted into host DNA. |
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What are phage called which undergo both cycles? |
Prophage |
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What is one disease caused by phage? |
Shingles |
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What diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes? |
Yellow Fever encephalitis West Nile Virus |
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What are some diseases of animals? |
Rabies Hanta Ebola SARS HIV Smallpox |
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What is a viroid? |
Molecule that causes disease(not a virus) |
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Viroids are the only _____ piece of _____ ____. |
Naked
circular RNA |
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What do viroids affect? |
only plants |
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What is an example of viroids? |
Cadang |
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What are prions? |
protein with incorrect structure |
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What does a faulty protein cause? |
normal proteins to change shape |
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What are examples of diseases caused by prions? |
Scrapie Bovine spongiform enephalpathy |
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How do you get mad cow disease? |
From eating infected beef |
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What is a mimivirus? |
giant virus-genome bigger than some bactieria |
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What do people speculate about mimiviruses? |
these were the first organisms to evolve on the planet |
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___-______ virus fuels the definition of life debate. |
virus-infecting virus |
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Give examples of Mollusca. From what type of ancestors did Mollusca evolve? |
ex. clams, snails, octopus
evolved from segmented ancestors. |
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What makes up the body plan of Mollusca? |
foot, mantle, and visceral mass. |
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What type of array do Mollusca yield? |
diverse array of animals |
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Do Mollusca superficially appear very similar or different? |
appear very different from one another |
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What is a very deadly type of Mollusca? |
cone snail |
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How does the autotrophic sea slug function?
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Ingesting algae and using chloroplasts and incorporating stolen algal nuclear genes |
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What are the first known vertebrate symbionts? |
Algae that live inside the cells of salamanders |
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Give examples of arthropods. |
Insects, spiders, crabs |
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What are specific features of arthropods? |
jointed foot and exoskeleton |
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What is the exosokeleton in arthropods made of? |
protein and chitin |
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Arthropods have a _____ foot. |
jointed |
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What was a major innovation for arthropod organisms? Why is it a major innovation? |
exoskeleton
-Growth by periodic molting (shedding) of exoskeleton
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What are the five groups of arthropods? Give examples of each. |
-Trilobites: all extinct -Arachnids and relatives: scorpions, spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs -Crustaceans: lobsters, barnacles, sowbugs -Insects -Centipedes, millipedes |
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How do you tell if a bug is an insect? (3 ways) |
-three body regions (two) |
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What characteristics of insects make them successful? |
Exoskeleton
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What are the two groups of coelomates? |
Protostomes- |
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Give examples of each group of coelomate |
Protostomes- segmented worms, molluscs, arthropods Deuterostomes- echinoderms, chordates |
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Echinoderms have ______, _______ symmetry. |
radial complex |
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Echinoderms have a ________ symmetrical body plan as adults, and a __________ symmetrical body plan while immature.
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radial (mature)
Bilateral (immature) |
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What are examples of echinoderms? |
Sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, and cucumbers |
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What are the three characteristics of echinoderms? |
Calcium internal skeleton (most) and a water vascular system |
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What are chordates? |
Vertebrates or craniates |
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Sea squirts or tunicates are ____ in the larval stage. What are they while adults? |
mobile |
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Lancelets are ______ feeders. |
filter |
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Early ______ filtered small animals from mud. |
Lancelets |
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What are the three types of fish? Give examples. |
Jawless fish- lampreys
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What was a huge evolutionary event? |
Cambrian Explotion |
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From what did jaws evolve? |
Anterior gill arches |
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What rapidly became the dominant aquatic animals? |
Dominant aquatic animals
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What do fins control/provide? |
Swimming movement and stability in water |
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Were fins first jointed or unjointed? |
Unjointed |
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At least 3 fish lineages evolved ______ ___. |
Jointed fins |
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What are two groups of jointed fin fish? |
Coelacanth, lungfish |
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What were the first terrestrial vertebrates? From what lineage did they arise? |
Amphibians; from the fin fish lineage |
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Where do most amphibians live for part of their lives? |
they live in water for the larval stage of their life. |
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Why must amphibians return to water? |
to reproduce |
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What evolved in amphibians for land respiration? |
Lungs |
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What are some amphibian species? |
Caecilians |
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What are amniotes? |
Amniotes are vertebrates completely independent of water for breeding |
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What adaptations allow amniotes to be completely independent of water? |
They have water-impermeable egg shells to keep the embryo wet |
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What are some reptile species? |
Turtles and tortoises |
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How are birds characterized? |
Feathers |
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What do birds have an evolutionary relationship with? |
Dinosoars |
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What are two characterizations of mammals? |
Their hair and Mammory glands |
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What are the three groups of mammals and what are the characteristics of each group? |
1. Monotremes- 3 spp |
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What is another word for eutherians? |
placentals |
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What percentage of all mammal species are bats? |
1/4 |
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What percentage of all mammal species are Rodents? |
1/2 |
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Primates are split into 2 ________ groups. What are these groups? Give examples of animals in each group. |
1. Prosimian lineage |
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All primates ancestrally were ______ and _______. |
Arboreal |
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Where did hominids evolve? |
From Africa
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What did early humans evolve? |
Larger brain |
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We are currently in the middle of the ____ population surge. |
3rd |
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What are the characteristics of chordates? |
-Pharyngeal slits (feeding devices) |
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Sponges are loosely what? |
Organized animals |
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What are the characteristics of sponges/porifera? |
-no germ cell layers |
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What are spicules? |
Internal spines for protection |
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Characteristics of Cnidarians include what? |
-two germ cell layers |
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Cnidarians have stingers on their tentacles called what? |
Cnidocytes or nematocytes
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What are cnidocytes/nematocytes used for? |
Food capture and defense |
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The worlds coral reefs could disintegrate by 2100. Why? |
Rising CO2 levels (carbon dioxide) levels in the atmosphere make the oceans more acidic |
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What are the advantages of coelom? |
-movement: more flexible, hydrostatic skeleton |
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Animals with no body cavity are called what? |
Acoelomates |
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There are two groups of coelomates based on how body cavity forms. What are they |
-protostomes |
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What are the different types of coelomate protostomes? |
Segmented worms, molluscs, and arthropods (blastopore=mouth) |
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What are the different types of coelomate deuterostomes? |
Echinoderms and cordates (blastopore=anus) |
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Segmented bodies are for what improvement? |
Locomotion |
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Marsupials are distinguished how? |
They have a pouch for young and give birth to tiny underdeveloped young |
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Eutherians or placentals are different from marsupials in what way? |
Eutherians give birth to relatively well-developed young |
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What is composed of mass numbers of hyphae? |
Mycelium |
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Mutualistic combinations of a fungus with a cyanobacterium or green alga are called? |
Lichens |
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Fungi are not more closely related to animals than land plants? True or False |
False |
