Bio Test 3

Front 1

Evolution

Back 1

alterations in the organism’s genotype (by mutation) which result in slight changes in the organism’s phenotype

Front 2

Scala Natura

Back 2

ladder of nature

Front 3

Charles Darwin

Back 3

most associated with “theory” of evolution

Front 4

Alfred Wallace

Back 4

living things were not “immutable” but could change and even evolve into new species

Front 5

Jean Lamarck

Back 5

environmental pressure and internal needs could bring about characteristics in a process called Evolution by “Acquired” Characteristics

Front 6

Acquired Characteristics

Back 6

permanent structural or functional changes in an animal or plant due to their environmental pressures and internal needs

Front 7

Microevolution

Back 7

Evolution which results in new varieties of the same species

Front 8

Mutation

Back 8

a change in gene frequency

Front 9

2 factors necessary for Evolution

Back 9

mutation and environment that favors the mutation

Front 10

Natural Selection

Back 10

a process where features or traits which impart a survival advantage are selected by the environment, Darwin’s theory

Front 11

Competitive Advantage

Back 11

those who can survive and reproduce to pass on desireable traits to their offspring as a result of differences in phenotypes.

Front 12

Adaptation

Back 12

variation in certain features (structural, morphological, physiological, behavioral)

Front 13

Cambrian Explosion

Back 13

a mutation that occurred 540 million years ago resulting in an entirely new gene so that the animal possessing it contained a new protein in which bonded “loosely” with oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Front 14

Stabilizing Selection

Back 14

Selection pressure which favors the intermediate form of gene trait and eliminates the extremes

Front 15

Disruptive Selection

Back 15

Natural selection which favors the extremes and not the intermediate forms

Front 16

Directional Selection

Back 16

Selection that changes the frequency of an allele in a constant direction, either toward or away from fixation for that allele.

Front 17

Sexual Selection

Back 17

a trait possessed by the most “fit” individual that made it most “attractive” to the opposite sex

Front 18

Niche

Back 18

where a living thing is found and what it does there

Front 19

Gene Flow

Back 19

Flow of genetic information within and between species, transfer of genes from one population to another

Front 20

Genetic Drift

Back 20

Changes in gene frequencies caused by separation of a small group from a larger population

Front 21

Reproductive Isolation

Back 21

a process where speciation occurs and breeding cannot occur as a result of the sub-population evolving through enough genetic change

Front 22

Founder Effect

Back 22

Genetic differences between populations, genetically different individuals established the populations

Hint 22

None

Front 23

Bottleneck Effect

Back 23

a form of genetic drift that occurs when a population is drastically reduced in size.

Hint 23

None

Front 24

Gene Pool

Back 24

all the genes in a breeding population

Front 25

Speciation

Back 25

The development of one or more species from an existing species.

Front 26

Allopatric Speciation

Back 26

The type of speciation that occurs when a sub-population is physically separated from the parent population

Front 27

Sympatric Speciation

Back 27

Speciation that occurs when there are no physical barriers

Front 28

Divergence

Back 28

Evolutionary process that increases differences in initially similar organisms

Front 29

Adaptive Radiation

Back 29

process where one species gives rise to many species

Front 30

Gradualism

Back 30

Darwin’s belief where evolution occurred at slow, steady rate

Front 31

Punctuated Equilibrium

Back 31

belief that evolution can occur in rapid bursts

Front 32

Anagenesis

Back 32

The evolution that occurs within a branch

Front 33

Cladogenesis

Back 33

evolution resulting from splits or divergences of branches

Front 34

Cladistics

Back 34

determines the evolutionary relationships of living things based on derived similarities. It forms the basis for most modern systems of classification, which seek to group organisms by evolutionary relationships

Front 35

Phylogeny

Back 35

evolutionary relationship between organisms

Front 36

Extinction

Back 36

the ceasing of existence of a species or group of taxons

Front 37

Extinction Event

Back 37

when the line or branch of a species suddenly terminates

Front 38

K-T Extinction

Back 38

a period of massive extinction of species, about 65.5 million years ago. corresponds to the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the Tertiary Period.

Front 39

“Big Dying”

Back 39

95% of all species became extinct at the end of the Permian Period

Front 40

Macroevolution

Back 40

The process of identifying and sorting out the many lines of descent that connect all species

Front 41

Fossil Record

Back 41

the totality of artifacts and their placement in rock formations

Front 42

Homology

Back 42

This similarity between one or more body parts in different animals that descent from a common ancestor

Front 43

Analogy/Analogous

Back 43

Unrelated structures which serve the same purpose and/or look related

Front 44

Morphological Divergence

Back 44

process in homology where the structure modifies and, under different environmental selection pressures, evolves into something (wing, flipper, etc.)

Front 45

Morphological Convergence

Back 45

the evolution of basically dissimilar structures to serve a common function.

Front 46

Molecular Clocks

Back 46

process where the rate at which mutations occur within DNA, are used to determine when certain evolutionary events occurred

Front 47

Mitochondrial Eve

Back 47

determination where the likely point of origin of humans was one woman from East, central Africa

Front 48

Hox Genes

Back 48

groups of genes that occurred in an evolutionary jump from similar, related species to an entirely different class of organism as a result of repetitive mutations

Front 49

Evo-Devo

Back 49

a field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different animals in an attempt to determine the ancestral relationship between organisms and how developmental processes evolved

Front 50

Biodiversity

Back 50

Number and variety of living organisms; includes genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecological diversity.

Front 51

Age of Earth

Back 51

4.55 billion years old

Hint 51

None

Front 52

First Life

Back 52

bacteria-like life identified in rocks from 3.5 billion years ago

Front 53

Stromatolites

Back 53

Photosynthesizing - O2 releasing cells that appeared in fossils approx. 3.5 billion years ago as filamentous cyanobacteria, pumped large quantities of O2 into the atmosphere

Front 54

Teleology

Back 54

the supposition that there is design, purpose, directive principle, or finality in the works and processes of nature, and the philosophical study of that purpose.

Front 55

Intelligent Design

Back 55

certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent designer, rather than an undirected process such as natural selection.