Bio Test 3

Front 1

All molecules are composed of:

Back 1

at least two atoms

Front 2

All organisms contain the following elements:

Back 2

NOCH
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen

Front 3

The strongest chemical bonds are:

Back 3

Covalent bonds: atoms held together by shared electrons

Front 4

Non-polar molecules:

Back 4

Do not dissolve in water - Hydrophobic
Non-polar and polar molecules will not react together

Front 5

All organic molecules contain _____ atoms:

Back 5

Carbon

Front 6

The many small steps involved in biological reaction allows:

Back 6

enzymes to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction. Biological reactions would occur too slowly without enzymes

Front 7

When many identical or similar sugar monomers are linked:

Back 7

They form Carbohydrates (which is an example of a Polymer)

Front 8

Molecules built from amino acids are known as:

Back 8

Proteins

Front 9

What is produced when there is not enough oxygen for respiration?

Back 9

Lactic acid

Front 10

The complete breakdown of glucose during respiration leaves us with what two molecules?

Back 10

CO2 and H20

Front 11

The overall efficiency of the process of respiration is approximately:

Back 11

40%

Front 12

An important contribute to digestion made by chewing food is to:

Back 12

Make the food into little pieces therefore increasing the surfaces area, making it easier to break down to energy
Enzymes break down carbohydrates and reduce starch into smaller molecules

Front 13

Glycolysis takes place in the:

Back 13

Cytoplasm

Front 14

The two primary systems of the Carbon Cycle are:

Back 14

Photosynthesis
Respiration

Front 15

Electron acceptors include:

Back 15

Oxygen

Front 16

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are involved in:

Back 16

Respiration
ATP production

Front 17

Photosynthesis is comprised of ____ and ____ reactions.

Back 17

Light reaction
Dark reaction

Front 18

Both photosynthesis and respiration occur in which of the following Kingdoms?

Back 18

Plantae

Front 19

CO2 enters and leaves through pores called:

Back 19

stoma

Front 20

Sugars are produced in plants by combining _____ from the air and _____ from the soil.

Back 20

CO2 (air)
H20 (soil)

Front 21

Plants are green because:

Back 21

Green light least productive in Photosynthesis, almost no absorption
Chlorophyll
An object's color is the result of the reflection of a color and absorption of other colors.

Front 22

Transpiration is the process where water moves from:

Back 22

roots to leaves (pulling mechanism where water is being held together by hydrogen bonding; food is transported through tubular cells)

Front 23

The oxygen in the atmosphere originally came from _____?

Back 23

early photosynthetic lifeforms that lived in the ocean

Front 24

The original source of the energy to make sugars in plants comes from:

Back 24

The Sun

Front 25

Which biological control system evolved after pheromones:

Back 25

Hormones

Front 26

The regulation of the internal environment that is different from the external environment is known as:

Back 26

Homeostasis

Front 27

Hormones are:

Back 27

Chemical messengers produced in one part of the body with action in another
They control development and regulate physiology

Front 28

The specific amounts of a hormone produced is determined by ____.

Back 28

Feedback control

Front 29

Nerve signals travel across a synapse between neurons as:

Back 29

a chemical messenger

Front 30

A bundle of axons is called:

Back 30

Nerves

Front 31

Integration in a nerve is achieved by connections that are arranged so that:

Back 31

there are many inputs but one output
Sharpens edges
Detects movement
Recognizes objects

Front 32

Which of the following is a homeostasis control system in animals?

Back 32

Nervous and hormone system

Front 33

Phagocytosis involves:

Back 33

"Cell eater" process of white blood cells eating up damaged and invading cells; foreign body is engulfed and partitioned in vacuole

Front 34

______ are proteins produced by the immune system

Back 34

Antibody

Front 35

Vaccines contain a harmless ____, which stimulates the body to produce____.

Back 35

Antigen;
Antibody

Front 36

Viruses are removed by _______:

Back 36

Lymphocytes

Front 37

The HIV virus infects and destroys _____ cells.

Back 37

T Cells
Immune system
T4 white blood cells

Front 38

Autoimmune diseases are caused by:

Back 38

Anti-self cells attacking body’s own healthy cells

Front 39

The first vaccine was for the treatment of:

Back 39

Small pox (1600’s)

Front 40

The cell cycle results in:

Back 40

Stages in the division of growth of a cell to form two identical cells!

Front 41

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?

Back 41

Cancer cell divide continuously while normal cells divide 20-50 times

Front 42

A typical cell cycle in humans takes place in about:

Back 42

18-24 hours

Front 43

Homologous chromosomes are:

Back 43

Same genes, different characteristics
e.g. eye color, hair color, height
Last pair are X and Y chromosomes

Front 44

Human sperm & eggs have ____ the amount of genetic material as you.

Back 44

Half

Front 45

The process of meiosis results in:

Back 45

4 haploid cells
genetically different gametes

Front 46

Two ways genetic variation is produced during meiosis:

Back 46

Crossing over
Random assortment
(One nucleus splits into four nuclei and each is genetically different or carries different information)

Front 47

The diploid part of the human life cycle is called:

Back 47

Fertilization

Front 48

Spermists differed from Ovists in their view of heredity by:

Back 48

baby preformed in sperm rather than in the egg
(Spermists: believe that the baby is preformed in the sperm and deposited in the mother’s egg where it grew to term.
Ovists: believe that the baby is preformed in the egg and that the father’s sperm “awakens” the baby in the egg.)

Front 49

What advantages did Mendel see in using peas for his studies?

Back 49

Many varieties available
Peas breed true: easy to control pollination and hybridization
Either/or characteristics

Front 50

The initial reaction of the scientific community to Mendel’s paper was:

Back 50

The audience was polite, but did not understand a word he said b/c everyone was talking about Darwin at the time

Front 51

Mendel’s 3 laws or principles included:

Back 51

Segregation
Dominance & Recessiveness
Independent Assortment

Front 52

Which of the following didn’t Mendel know about when he studied peas?

Back 52

Chromosomes
Homologous Pairs
Alleles are alternative version of gene
Meiosis

Front 53

When 2 alleles for the same trait differ one is ____ and the other___.

Back 53

Recessive
Dominant

Front 54

____ is the reason that all recessive alleles don’t appear.

Back 54

Hardy-Weinberg Law (frequency of alleles will stay at the same relative frequency, generation after generation, as long as natural selection is not involved.)

Front 55

Traits like flower color are called ____ while the genetic make-up is called _____.

Back 55

Phenotype (flower color)
Genotype (genetic makeup)

Front 56

Alleles are:

Back 56

alternative traits
genetic traits
coding sequences

Front 57

The phenotype of an organism is:

Back 57

Visible traits

Front 58

A Punnett Square is:

Back 58

a table that presents different types and combinations of crosses
shows different genotypes

Front 59

If a husband and wife are heterozygous for polydactyl, the probability is that:

Back 59

75% polydactyl

Front 60

The study of factors affecting gene and genotype frequencies in populations is the field of:

Back 60

Population genetics

Front 61

“Incomplete Dominance” is the term for:

Back 61

Blends (traits that are "blended")

Front 62

Determination of eye color is:

Back 62

multiple genes

Front 63

A person with homologous sex chromosomes that are XY and has the outward appearance of a women is said to be:

Back 63

CAIS indicates male

Front 64

Before 1950 scientists thought that genetic information was stored as:

Back 64

Proteins

Front 65

The principle that genetic information is contained in linear sequences as nucleic acids bases is known as:

Back 65

Principle of Colinearity

Front 66

Genetic information is expressed by the biosynthesis of:

Back 66

Nucleotides (T,A,C,G)

Front 67

The 1962 Noble Prize went to ______ for the discovery of the structure of DNA.

Back 67

Watson
Crick
Wilkins

Front 68

How many different nucleotide bases are there in humans?

Back 68

4
Up to a million base pairs per minute

Front 69

Errors during the process of replication can be:

Back 69

In bacteria, one error in 1 billion bases, 1 error in 100 replications

Front 70

Huntington’s Disease is:

Back 70

a brain disorder that diminishs one’s abilities to talk, walk and reason

Front 71

During the process of transcription _____ is transcribed from _____.

Back 71

mRNA;
DNA

Front 72

How does RNA differ from DNA?

Back 72

Sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose. Thymine base is absent. In its place is uracil (U), another nitrogenous base. RNA is composed of a single strand instead of a double strand.

Front 73

Amino acids are transferred by _____ to ribosomes to form _____.

Back 73

tRNA;
Proteins

Front 74

The genetic code is formed by three adjacent bases, in mRNA called:

Back 74

codon

Front 75

The 3 base units on tRNA are called:

Back 75

The anticodon

Front 76

How long does it take to make a typical protein?

Back 76

60 nucleotide per sec: takes 20 sec for average protein

Front 77

The disease called “sickle-cell anemia” is the result of:

Back 77

A single base change modifying the protein

Front 78

mRNA is edited to remove non-coding sections called:

Back 78

Introns

Front 79

A second exposure to a foreign invader will produce a ____ response.

Back 79

weaker memory (and effector) cell, faster/larger response. antibody

Front 80

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

Back 80

double helix