Bio Test 2

Front 1

light microscopes

Back 1

only specimens that are transparent can only magnify 1000x, above that they lose resolution, due to the nature of light

Front 2

compound light microscope

Back 2

two sets of magnifying lenses: objective and ocular. end up with a light micrograph. see colors and a live specimen

Front 3

Transmission microscope

Back 3

thin slice, dead specimen. create images of solid objects so the structures in side can be visualized. no color. Electron Microscope

Front 4

scanning microscope

Back 4

create images of solid surfaces. Electron Microscope

Front 5

Electron Microscopes

Back 5

two types: transmission and scanning. they beam electrons

Front 6

reasons why cells are small

Back 6

diffusion is only fast on a small scale. need higher surface to volume ratio

Front 7

Nucleus(function)

Back 7

DNA synthesis; RNA synthesis;

Front 8

Ribosomes(function)

Back 8

polypeptide (protein) synthesis

Front 9

Rough ER(function)

Back 9

Synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins, secretory proteins, and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles

Front 10

Gogli apparatus(funtion)

Back 10

Modification and transprt of macromolecules; formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles

Front 11

Lysosomes (in animal cells and some protists)

(function)

Back 11

Digestion of ingested food, bacteria, and a cell's damaged organelles and macromolecules for recycling

Front 12

Vacuoles(function)

Back 12

digestion (like lysosomes); storage of chemicals; cell enlargement; water balance

Front 13

Peroxisomes (not part of endomembrane system)

(funtion)

Back 13

Diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of H2O2 by-product

Front 14

Mitochondria(function)

Back 14

Conversion of chemical energy of food to chemical energy of ATP

Front 15

Chloroplasts (in plants and some protists)

(function)

Back 15

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars

Front 16

Cytoskeleton(including cilia, flagella, and centrioles in animal cells)

(function)

Back 16

Maintenance of cell shape; anchorage for organelles; movement of organelles within cells; cell movement; mechanical transmission of signals from exterior of cell to interior

Front 17

Extracellular matrix(in animals)

(function)

Back 17

Binding of cells in tissues; surface protection; regulation of cellular activities

Front 18

cell membrane

Back 18

seperates inside from outside and regulates what enters and leaves the cell. If things are soluble in water, it will not easily cross the membrane. Fats, oils, and gases can easily cross the membrane.

Front 19

cytoplasm

Back 19

a thick liquid inside of the cell. made of dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and other small molecules

Front 20

DNA

Back 20

stores the information that tells the cell how to do everything

Front 21

Ribosomes

Back 21

structures composed of RNA and protein found in the cytoplasm

Front 22

Cell Wall

Back 22

made of unusual carbohydrates combined with amino acids, give the cells strength and shape

Front 23

Flagella

Back 23

long helical structures formed of protein

Front 24

Pili

Back 24

short straight structures made of protein, used for attaching to things

Front 25

Capsule

Back 25

made of carbohydrates, protects the cell from desiccation, helps in attachment

Front 26

The nucleus is directly connected to the

Back 26

rough ER, which is connected to the smooth ER

Front 27

Chloroplasts

Back 27

contain a thick liquid called the stroma

Front 28

Grana

Back 28

stacks of thylakoids

Front 29

Thylakoids

Back 29

membranes that contain the chlorophyll and enclose the thylakoid compartment

Front 30

Phospholipid Membrane

Back 30

Contains a folded inner membrane called the cristae

Front 31

Cristae

Back 31

encloses a space containing a thick liquid called the matrix

Front 32

what belongs in the Endomembrane system

Back 32

nuclear envelope, ER, gogli apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

Front 33

Extracellular matrix

Back 33

this layer helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane.

May attach to the integrins

Front 34

Collagen

Back 34

is a glycoprotein which forms strong fibers outside the cell

Front 35

Plasmodesmata

Back 35

holes in the cell wall

form junctions between the cells

Front 36

Pompe's disease

Back 36

Lysosomal storage disease

glycogen in liver

Front 37

Tay-Sachs disease

Back 37

lipids in nerve cell

Lysosomal storage diseases

Front 38

Bacteria Shapes

Back 38

rod (bacillus)

Spherical (coccus) can't swim

Spiral

Front 39

plant cells have

Back 39

cell walls/ chloroplast/ large central vacuole

Front 40

Animals cells have

Back 40

centrioles/llysosomes

Front 41

Diffusion

Back 41

Tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space

Front 42

Osmosis

Back 42

Diffusion of WATER across the membrane

Front 43

Aquaporins

Back 43

channel protein that helps with the rapid movement of water

Front 44

Tonicity

Back 44

ability of a cell to gain or lose water

Front 45

Facilitated diffusion

Back 45

requires the use of a carrier protein

Polar or charged substances do not easily cross cell membranes

Fats, oils, and gasses easily cross

Front 46

Isotonic

Back 46

concentration of extracellular fluid is the same as the stuff that is inside the cell, no net movement of particles across the membrane, don't see osmosis taking place

Front 47

hypotonic

Back 47

the solution surrounding the cell has a LOWER concentration than the solute INSIDE THE CELL,

water will move from outside of cell, so it will into the cell causing it to burst or lysed

Front 48

hypertonic

Back 48

the solution surrounding the cell has a HIGHER concentration of solute than what is inside the cell.

Water will leave the cell, cell will shrivel or crenate

Front 49

Osmoregulation

Back 49

for an animal cell to survive in a hypotonic or hypertonic environment, the control of water balance

Front 50

Active transport process

Back 50

Require energy.

in a pump a substance is moved against its concentration gradient.

Low concentration to higher concentration

Front 51

Exocytosis

Back 51

contents are exported out of the cell

Front 52

Endocytosis

Back 52

importing (all forms a pouch)

Front 53

Phagocytosis

Back 53

cell eating, solid substances (food particle) (engulfing)

Front 54

Pinocytosis

Back 54

cell drinking, liquid (dissolved substances)

(drinking)

Front 55

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Back 55

same as phagocytosis, except have to have receptors on cell membrane that is specific to something. Cholesterol enters a cell through this, hook up with receptors, and take into cell

Front 56

Potential Energy

Back 56

stored energy

Front 57

Kenetic Energy

Back 57

energy in motion

Front 58

Electromagnetic

Back 58

includes anything with a frequency and wavelength such as moving electrons, light ( visible, UV, IR), radio, microwaves, X-rays

Front 59

Positional (gravitational)

Back 59

objects at a high position can move to a lower position due to gravity

Front 60

Chemical

Back 60

energy holding atoms together is released to rearrange atoms during chemical reactions

Front 61

Electrical

Back 61

concentrated electrons repel each other and move through circuits

Front 62

First law of thermodynamics

Back 62

energy can't be created nor destroyed

Front 63

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 63

can't destroy energy, converted from one form to another but those conversions will let off HEAT

Front 64

Thermodynamics

Back 64

the study of energy transformations

Front 65

Exergonic chemical reaction

Back 65

releases energy, chemicals that have energy in their bonds breakdown and some of the energy is released

Examples:

breaking glucose with oxygen to make water and carbon dioxide

breaking fatty acids into smaller molecules

Front 66

Endergonic (endothermic)

Back 66

requires energy, these reactions usually create bonds between atoms, energy input/stored

Examples:

joining amino acids into a polypeptide

joining sugars to make a polysaccharide

joining fatty acids and glycerol to make lipid

joining carbon dioxide and water to make glucose (photosynthesis)

Front 67

basic structure of ATP

Back 67

nitrogenous base adenine, 5 carbon sugar ribose, and 3 phosphate groups

Front 68

Coupling of reactions

Back 68

is energy conservation between molecules

Front 69

the energy to get most chemical reactions started

Back 69

energy of activation (Ea)

Front 70

Catalysts

Back 70

speed up the rate of a reaction by lowering the Ea so that at any time more of the molecules can react

Front 71

Enzymes

Back 71

catalysts made by living organisms, they are made of protein

Front 72

when ATP is hydrolyzed(broken down)

Back 72

ADP and a phosphate group

Front 73

cofactors

Back 73

can be an inorganic substance, often metals. Iron(Fe), copper(Cu), zinc (Zn), magnesium(Mg)

Front 74

coenzymes

Back 74

cofactors that are also organic molecules

cannot be made by the body and must be obtained from food. these are called vitamins

Front 75

Competitive inhibition

Back 75

an inhibitor that hooks up to active site, blocking it from getting in

Front 76

Noncompetitive inhibition

Back 76

hooks up somewhere other than active site (allosteric site) changing its shape

Front 77

Feedback inhibition

Back 77

the product of a chemical of reaction can go back and act as an inhibitor to stop that reaction from taking place

Front 78

Inhibitors can also

Back 78

bind permanently or reversibly

Front 79

some poisons are

Back 79

enzyme inhibitors

Front 80

Malathion inhibits

Back 80

acetylcholinesterase (needed for proper nerve function)

Front 81

Penicillin inhibits

Back 81

bacterial cell wall making enzyme

Front 82

oxidation

Back 82

loss of elctrons

Front 83

reduction

Back 83

gain of electrons