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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pigments
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Certain chemical molecules- either absorb or reflect light
perception of color is determined by wavelengths that bounce off |
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Chlorophyll
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the green pigment found in chloroplast
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Xanthophyl
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yellow pigment
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Carotenes
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orange pigment
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Why do leaves turn colors in the fall?
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fall brings on a photoperiod where sunlight hours decrease and plants stop photosynthesizing (lay dormant) and leaves turn red/brown then die and the plant lives off stored starch
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Photosynthesis reaction
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solar energy+6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2
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What are three things plant cells can do with the glucose molecules they produce
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1. convert to ATP (in mitochondria)
2. store as starch 3. convert glucose to cellulose for growth |
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Growth
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animals have determinate growth
plants have indeterminate growth |
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Cellular respiration: two types
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aerobic- with oxygen, complete breakdown, all 36 ATP
example: all other organisms anaerobic- without oxygen, incomplete, 2 ATP example: bacteria and yeast cells |
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Glycolysis
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6C-2C3-called pyruvate-+2ATP
cutting sugar in half pyruvate= CO2 and alcohol during strenous physical activity pyruvate takes an extra step and makes lactic acid |
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Body cells:
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(somatic cells)- 46 chromosomes, divided by mitosis (body cell division)
46-makes another set one replication and one division is called DNA replication |
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Sex cells:
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(gametes)- 23 chromosomes located on the ovaries or in the testes
divide by meiosis-sex cell division 46-92-46-23-23 one replication and two divisions |
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Interphase
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when cells are not dividing
normal functions are occuring during this phase |
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Mitosis
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when body cells are divided
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What are the 4 phases of Mitosis?
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1. prophase- 1st stage
2. metaphase- middle stage 3. anaphase- (moving away)separating of chromotids/one on each pole 4. telophase- end stage |
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Karotype
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picture of chromosomes that are paired off
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What are cancer cells?
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cells that do nothing but divide
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Cytokinesis
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division of the cytoplasm and organelles during the telophase of mitosis
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Cleavage furrow
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indentation that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis
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Differences in animal cell and plant cell mitosis
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plants- cell plates
animals- cleavage furrow and asters |
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How are epithelial tissues classified and named
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epithelial tissue is classified according to the type it is composed of and the number of layers in the tissue
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Epithelial tissue types:
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simple- one layer
stratified- 2 or more layers squamous- flattened cubodial- box-shaped columnar- rectangular pseudostratified- only appear to be layered |
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Connective tissue
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living cells separated from each other by non-living material(called matrix)
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What are the five types of connective tissue?
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1. loose connective tissue
2. fibrous connective tissue 3. cartilage 4. bone 5. blood |
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Loose connective tissue:
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called fibroblast- trapped in major protiens of low collogen(strong)and high elastin(flexible)- called adipose when fibroblast are full of fat
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Fibrous connective tissue:
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high collagen, low elastin
examples: ligaments- connect bone to bone tendons- connect muscle to muscle |
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Cartilage:
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(most cartilage becomes ossified- converted to bone)
examples: nose, ears |
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Bone:
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used for support, protection, movement, and as a storage house for calcium
osteocyte- mature individual bone cell osteblast-build bone osteclast-break down bone |
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Atrophy:
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wasting away as a result of disuse
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Two types of fractures:
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1.traumatic- caused by blunt trauma
2.pathologic- caused by disease |
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Blood:
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(plasma)
erythrocytes- red blood cells- carry oxygen throughout the body leukocytes- white blood cells-fight infection platelets- help clot the blood more red blood cells than any other cell |
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In what form is energy before and after the process of photosynthesis?
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Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy of a carbohydrate
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Where in plants does photosynthesis occur?
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chloroplasts
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Explain the nature of visible light and how we interpret color:
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We interpret color by what light is abosrbed and what is reflected
example: we observe color that is not absorbed by plant leaves, which is green- green is the color that is reflected/bounces off, all the other colors are absorbed |
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Summarize what happens during the light-dependent as well as the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis>
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Direct sunlight is needed in order for plants to photosynthesize, only the portions of the plant that receive direct sunlight will photosynthesize
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Aerobic cellular respiration reaction:
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C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O
this process occurs in the mtiochondria |
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In what form is the energy before and after aerobic cellular respiration?
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energy is in the form of glucose before and in the form of ATP after this process
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Glycolysis:
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the initial breakdown process all organisms begin with to harvest the energy in food
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Fermentation:
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anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of 2 ATP and end products such as alocohol and lactate
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What organisms ferment?
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bacteria and yeast cells
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What are some products of fermentation we consume?
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bread and cheese
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Under what circumstances might human muscle cells convert to fermentation?
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human muscle cells convert to fermentation during vigorous work-outs when oxygen is in limited supply in order to get a rapid burst of ATP
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What is a by-product of fermentation in human muscle cells?
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lactate
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Meiosis:
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type of nuclear division that occurs as a part of sexual reproduction (purpose is to create sex cells)
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Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis:
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sex cells undergo the process of meiosis
body cells undergo the process of mitosis sex cells produce two sets of 23 chromosomes body sells produce one set of 46 chromosomes |
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Basic types of tissue found in the human body and their major functions:
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1. epithelial- covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
2. connective- binds and supports body parts 3. muscular- moves the body and its parts 4. nervous- receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses |
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Where are tendons and ligaments found?
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ligamnets- found in bones
tendons- found in muscle |
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Three types of muscle tissue and how they differ:
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1. skeletal- voluntary and striated- attached to bones
2. smooth- involuntary and non-striated- walls of hollow organs 3. cardiac- invlountary and striated- branch and fit together at intercalated disks found in the heart |
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Major functions of nerve tissue:
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- sensory input
- intergration of data - motor output -non-mitotic, extreme longevity, and high metabolism conducted by neurons |
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Three layers of skin: integumentary system
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1. epidermis- stratified squamous epithelial
2. dermis fibrous connective tissue 3. subcutaneous layer- loose connective tissue and adipose tissue for protection and to regulate body temperature |
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Structures in skin- melanocytes:
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produce melanin- epidermis
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Structures in skin- hair follicles:
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develops hair
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Structures in skin- sweat glands:
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modify body temperature
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Structures in skin- adipose tissue:
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stores fat/ thermally insulate body
subcutaneous layer |
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Structures in skin- arrector pili:
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causes hair to stand on end, creates goose bumps
dermis |
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Structures in skin- oil glands:
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secrete sebum which lubricates and waterproofs hair and skin
dermis |
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Structures in skin- sensory receptors:
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respond to external stimuli (touch, pressure, pain, and tempertaure
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Structures in skin- capillaries:
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connects arterioles to venules- exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid
- open up/ dilate - close-off/constrict |
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DNA replication:
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synthesis of a new DNA double helix prior to mitosis and meiosis
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What are three different skin structures in the skin that can help regulate body temperature?
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sweat glands
adipose tissue arrector pili capillaries |
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What is needed and what is a result of the aerobic cellular respiration?
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Oxygen is needed and the result is CO2, H2O, and 36 ATP
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What do all connective tissues have in common?
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They are separated by non-living material called matrix
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What does peristalsis mean referring to smooth muscle:
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rythmic contraction of smooth muscle in walls of digestive organs
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Non-mitotic of maturity:
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means muscle cells mature and don't divide anymore
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Antagonistic pairs:
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responsible for opposing types of movement
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Suntan:
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uv light stimulates melanocytes which produce more melanin
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Goose bumps:
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occurs because your cold- hair standing on end helps trap warm air- causes you to hold heat
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Frostbite:
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death of tissue due to overexposure to cold- capillaries all shut off to keep core temperature
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Bed sore:
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(decubitus) due to pressure constriction- death of tissue and sores develop
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Two criteria for burns:
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- the rule of "9"s- amount of area burned
- depth- measured by degress 1st degree- epidermis only, no blistering 2nd degree- epidermis and some of the dermis, is blistering 3rd degree- goes through all layers of skin- autograph (skin used from burn victim) 4th degree- to the bone |
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What can severe burn victims die from?
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hypothermia and the loss of fluid (water, electrolytes) then infection
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Types of skin cancers:
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benign- squamous cell and basal cell- slow to spread
malignant- melanoma- blue/black appearance on the skin, may bleed- fast spreading |
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Wrinkling:
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as you age, collogen, elasin, and fibron break dwon and cause wrinkles in the skin
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