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91 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Why are cells so small?
the surface-to-volume ratio problem.

the larger the cell, the slower their exchange of nutrients and waste. Large cells can starve to death or drown in their own wastes.
What is the surface-to-volume ratio problem?
the reason why cells are so small.

the smaller the cell, the faster their exchange of nutrients ad waste.
Cells take in nutrients through the ________, which then diffuse through the _________.
plasma membrane, cytoplasm.
Wastes diffuse through the ___________ and exit through the _________ of cells.
cytoplasm, plasma membrane.
What are the 3 components of all cells?
cell membrane

nucleus or nucleoid (where DNA is located)

cytoplasm
What are the 6 characteristics of all cells?
1) smallest unit of life
2) it can survive on its own or has potential to do so
3) is highly organized for metabolism
4) senses and responds to its environment
5) has potential to grow
6) can reproduce
What is Cell Theory?
1) the cell is the smallest unit having properties of life

2) cells come only from pre-existing cells

3) all organisms are composed of cells
How are prokaryotic cells structured?

components?
cells w/ no nucleus

a simple structure w/ a plasma membrane, cell wall, a circle (usually) of DNA and ribosomes
What falls under the category of prokaryotes?
archaea & bacteria

(means early cells)
How are eukaryotic cells structured?

components?
cells w/ membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus
What falls under the category of eukaryotes?
plants, animals, fungi, protists

(us)
How do the sizes are eukaryotes and prokaryotes compare?
Eukaryotes are about 100 - 1000 times bigger than prokaryotes.
What makes us the cytoskeleton of the cell?
microtubules

microfilaments

intermediate filaments
What is the cytoskeleton, and what does it do?
The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organize structure and activities in the cell.

It gives mechanical support, especially in animal cells.
What are microtubules made of, and what do they do?
made of tubulin subunits.

Microtubules maintain cell shape, are used in cilia and flagella, used to make spindle fibers of mitosis, and help organells and vesicles to move around the cell.
Which is the largest of the cytoskeleton components?
microtubles.
What are microfilaments made of and what do they do?
Microfilaments are made of actic molecules that are intertwined.

They maintain cell shape, are used in muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, and forming pseupodia and cleavage furrow in mitosis.
What is the smallest of the cytoskeleton components?
microfilaments.
What are intermediate filaments made of and what do they do?
Intermediate filaments are made of different proteins.

They maintain cell shape and anchor the nucleus.
What is the intermediate sized cytoskeleton component?
intermediate filaments.
Where are cilia located?
cilia line the primary bronchus
What removes microbes and debris from the interior of the lungs?
cilia
What do cilia do?
They remove microbes and debris from the interior of the lungs.
What are flagella?
long, slender cellular structures used for motion. found on bacteria and archaea
What are false feet?
pseudopodia - temporary projections of eukaryotic cells.
What are cell junctions?
gaps between cells for communication & transporting materials.
Gaps between cells used for communication and transporting materials are called:
cell junctions!
Who observed and described cells in cork in the mid 1600s?
Robert Hooke
Who observed sperm and microorganisms in the late 1600s?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
Who observed and named the nucleus in plant cells in the 1820s?
Robert Brown
How do animals solve the surface-to-volume ratio problem?
Animals have many, small cells.
How do plants solve the surface-to-volume ratio problem?
Fluids! Plants have larger cells, but the center is filled w/ a fluid-filled "central vacuole". It pushes the cytoplasm and organelles in a this space next to the plasma membrane.

Also, the cell is encased in a rigid cell wall made of cellulose.
What is the cell wall of a plant made of?
cellulose.
CH. 5

What is the 1st law of Thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
Energy tends to disperse spontaneously.
What is cellular respiration?
the process used by our cells to convert chemical energy into kinetic energy.
Another word for autotroph is?
producer
What do autotrophs convert the sun's energy into?
Autotrophs trap energy from the sun and convert it into chemical bond energy.
How do heterotrophs gain energy?
by eating other organism
All organisms use the energy stored in the bonds of organic compounds to:
do work
Energy flows from the sun through all living things via the cycling of molecules between:
chloroplasts and mitochondria
What is the likely result of molecules built up on either side of the plasma membrane?
potential energy
An unequal distribution of hydrogen ions (on either side of the plasma membrane) means it is more or less: (water behind a dam)

organized
potential energy
stable
more
more
less
When there is an equal distribution of hydrogen ions on either side of the plasma membrane, it is more or less:

organized
potential energy
stable
less
less
more
Do endergonic reactions have more energy in the starting substances or product?
product
Is energy input required for endergonic or exergonic reactions?
endergonic
Do exergonic reactions have more energy in their starting substances or products?
starting substances
Is energy released in endergonic reactions or exergonic reactions?
exergonic
Cells earn ATP in ______ reactions, and spend ATP in _________ reactions.
exergonic, endergonic
Photosynthesis is an _______ reaction.
endergonic
Respiration is an _______ reaction.
Exergonic
What are enzymes?
proteins that increase the success of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy. They speed up chemical reactions.

They are catalysts that are not changed in the process and do not get used up.
What is activation energy in a reaction?
The amount of energy needed to start the reaction.
What are some examples of enzymes? (5)
cynanide
lactase
penicillin
catalase
alpha amylase
What is cyanide?
an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase...

which performs a vital cell function that MAKES ATP
Lactase
breaks down the milk sugar into glucose and galactose
penicillin
blocks the active site of an enzyme unique to bacteria that helps form cell walls
catalase
helps to convert hydrogen peroxide into H2O and O2.

It is important for detoxifying hydrogen peroxide and preventing the formation of CO2 bubbles in the blood.
alpha amylase
is in our saliva. It breaks up starch into glucose.
What are coenzyme examples?
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
What do coenzymes do?
where can you get them?
they accept electrons and hydrogen ions, and transfer them within the cell.

they are derived from vitamins.
What are some examples of metal ions?
iron
manganese
copper
zinc
What do metal ions do?
shift e- arrangements in substrates.
This is what happens at the hemes in catalase.
What is a substrate?
a molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme - a reactant.
What are the 3 factors that affect enzyme activity?
temperature
pH
concentration of the substrates
How does cooking food preserve it?

Refrigeration?
destroying the bacterial enzymes.

reducing the bacterial activity.
How do high temperatures affect enzyme activity?
denatures the protein and destroys the active site.
How do low temperatures affect enzyme activity?
slows the enzyme by decreasing the molecular movement of the substrates into the active site.
What is diffusion?
the net movement of molecules or ions from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less so.
What are the 5 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
size
temperature
steepness of the concentration gradient
charge
pressure
How is diffusion affected by temperature?
higher the temperature, faster molecules collide ---> faster the diffusion.
diffusion & size?
more energy is needed to move larger molecules.

smaller molecules diffuse faster than larger ones.
diffusion & steepness of the concentration gradient?
the steeper the gradients, the faster the diffusion (molecules collide more often.)
what is a solute's concentration?
how much of the solute is dissolved in a given amount of fluid.
What is a concentration gradient?
a difference in solute concentration between adjacent regions of a solution.
diffusion and charge?
A difference in charge between two regions can affect the rate and direction of diffusion between them.

Ex. positively charged substances could diffuse toward a region with an overall negative charge.
diffusion and pressure?
higher pressures = faster diffusion.
Cell membranes show selective permeability. What kinds of molecules & gasses get through?
small, nonpolar molecules.
oxygen, carbon dioxide, & some water molecules.
Cell membranes show selective permeability. What molecules don't get through?
large polar, water-soluble molecules - glucose.

ions - H+, Na+, K+... water molecules
What is active transport?
a mechanism by which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient. requires energy.
What is passive transport?
mechanism by which a concentration gradient drives the movement of a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein. does not require energy.
What is osmosis?
diffusion across a membrane.
In a plasma membrane, osmosis only occurs for:
water
In a HYPOTONIC solution, solute concentration is _____ than inside the cell.

The cell ______ water.
less, gains

looks fat, lysed
In a HYPERTONIC solution, solute concentration is ______ than inside the cell.

The cell _____ water.
greater, loses

looks shriveled
In an ISOTONIC solution, the solute concentration is _______ that inside the cell.

water?
the same as, no water movement

looks normal
What is tonicity?
the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
Exocytosis is:
substances exiting the cell
Endocytosis is:
substances entering the cell
CH.7

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> energy + 6H2O + 6CO2

glucose + oxygen -----> energy + water + carbon dioxide
What are the 3 stages of aerobic respiration?
1) Glycolysis
2)a. 2nd stage reactions
2)b. Kreb's Cycle - citric acid cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain