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71 Cards in this Set
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upgraded the xray crystallographic laboratory for work with dna |
rosalind franklin |
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basic structure of the nucleotides // composed of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (agtc) |
p.a levene |
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discovered that guanine is equal to cytosine and adenine is equal to thymine (chargaff's rule) |
erwin chargaff |
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idea to study dna by xray crystallographic techniques // 1953 nobel prize receiver for physiology or medicine for determining dna structure |
maurice wilkins |
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put together dna molecules and incorporated all the evidence // used franklin's xray photographs |
francis crick & james watson |
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complex polymer that stores information in cells in the form of codes |
nucleic acid |
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basic building blocks |
monomers |
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contain c, h, o, n, p |
nucleotides |
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elements are arranged in 3 groups... |
nitrogen base, simple sugar, phosphate group |
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molecule that contains all of an organism's genetic material and is responsible for heredity // codes for rna |
dna |
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meaning of dna |
deoxyribonucleic acid |
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a strand of dna contains genes which code for... |
proteins |
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dna is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder, also known as a... |
double helix |
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a biological polymer that codes and decodes genetic information // codes for proteins |
rna |
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meaning of rna |
ribonucleic acid |
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single stranded molecule // forms a single helix, a loop, a straight molecule or a twisted shape |
rna |
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types of rna (3) |
messenger rna (mRNA), transfer rna (tRNA), ribosomal rna (rRNA) |
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C5H10O5; found in rna |
ribose |
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C5H10O4; found in dna |
deoxyribose |
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nitrogenous bases of dna |
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine |
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nitrogenous bases of rna |
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine |
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states that any sample of dna shows a 1:1 ratio of the pyrimidine and purine bases (g=c, a=t) |
chargaff's rule |
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purine bases |
adenine and guanine |
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pyrimidine bases |
thymine and cytosine |
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describes the flow of genetic information in cells from dna to mrna to protein |
central dogma |
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process of making proteins |
protein synthesis |
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executor of cell life activities; made up of amino acids |
proteins |
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building block of proteins |
amino acids |
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short amino acid chains |
peptides |
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carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes |
messenger rna (mRNA) |
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80% of total RNA in the body; found in the ribosomes |
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
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transfer amino acids during protein synthesis |
transfer RNA (tRNA) |
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two identical DNA molecules are produced |
DNA replication |
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molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reaction |
enzymes |
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enzymes in DNA replication (4) |
helicase, primase, dna polymerase, ligase |
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unzips the enzymes and cuts hydrogen bonds (c=g; a=t) |
helicase |
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initializer; starting point for DNA replication |
primase |
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builder; builds new DNA strands |
DNA polymerase |
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gluer; attaches new enzymes together |
ligase |
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coding region of DNA is converted to mRNA // process by which DNA is copied to mRNA (single-stranded RNA) |
RNA transcription |
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information in the nucleotide base sequence of mRNA is used to dictate the amino acid sequence of a protein |
translation |
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acts as a messenger between DNA and protein synthesis |
RNA |
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mRNA is coded in groups of three called... |
codons |
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in tRNA the groups of three are called... |
anticodon |
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the goal of this is to carry protein information |
mRNA |
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the process by which mRNA directs protein synthesis with assistance of tRNA |
translation |
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amino acids in translation (7) |
alanine, threonine, glutamate, leucine, arginine, serine, stop codon |
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the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnologies // alter the genomes by insertion of genes |
genetic engineering |
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living beings that had their genetic code tweaked in some way |
genetically modified organisms (gmo) |
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genetic engineering techniques (4) |
artificial selection, cloning, gene splicing, gel electrophoresis (analyzing dna) |
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breeders chose which organisms to mate; passed genes cannot be controlled |
artificial selection |
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kinds of artificial selection (3) |
selective breeding, hybridization, inbreeding |
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animals with desired characteristics are mated to produce offspring with desired traits |
selective breeding |
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individuals with unlike characteristics are crossed to produce the best in both organisms |
hybridization |
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process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism (through asexual reproduction) |
cloning |
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methods of asexual reproduction |
binary fission, budding, fragmentation |
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molecules of dna from 2 species inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations |
recombinant DNA |
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recombinant DNA is found in... |
therapeutic products; GM products; diagnosis |
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small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA |
plasmid |
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dna-cutting enzymes, each enzyme recognizes target sequences and cuts DNA near those sequences |
restriction enzymes |
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in DNA replication it joins together fragments of newly synthesized DNA to form a seamless strand |
DNA ligase |
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the most common vectors used in genetic engineering |
plasmid & bacteriophage |
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viruses that infect & replicate in bacterial cells or hosts |
bacteriophage |
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species of bacteria that lives in soil; makes proteins that are toxic to some insects when eaten |
bacillus thuringiensis (bt) |
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restriction enzyme cuts insulin out of human dna; plasmid is removed from bacteria and cut with restriction enzyme; human gene is placed on bacteria plasmid; plasmid is placed in bacteria; cell has DNA for making insulin |
gene splicing |
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genes inserted into animals to produce what humans need (ex: cows with increased milk production) |
transgenic animals (gmo) |
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glow in the dark cats used virus from this animal to make fluorescent protein in fur |
jellyfish DNA |
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scorpion genes added to cabbage |
venomous cabbage |
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golden rice contains this from corn |
beta carotene |
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name of the finn dorset sheep cloned in 1996; first mamal to be cloned |
dolly |
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the ethical implications and applications of the health-related life sciences // promotes critical reflection about ethical conflicts |
bioethics |
