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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Qualitative
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tells us if something is absent or present
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Quantitative
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not only tells us whether or not substance is present but also its intensity
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What are carbohydrates and what form do they occur in?
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organic compounds- simple sugars (monosaccharides, disaccharides) to complex molecules of glycogen, starch, and cellulose (polysaccharides)
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What is the main function of carbohydrates?
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energy storage and cell structure
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What is a monosaccharide?
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single sugar chain group
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What are two examples of a monosaccharide?
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glucose and fructose
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In our bodies, complex sugars are digested into ______ before use.
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Glucose
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When does glucose enter the food chain?
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When it is synthesized by plants during photosynthesis
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What is the use of glucose?
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releases energy through cellular respiration
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What is a disaccharide?
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2 simple sugars bonded together
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What are three examples of a dissacharide?
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maltose, sucrose, and lactose
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What is a polysaccharide?
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complex sugar that consists of many simple sugar units linked together
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What are three examples of a polysaccharide?
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starch, glycogen, cellulose
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What is the function of starch?
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energy storage in plants
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What is the function of glycogen?
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energy storage in animals
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What is the function of cellulose?
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structural support for plants?
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What makes up dietary fats?
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fatty acids and glycerol
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What are fats?
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long chains of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms with the chain ending in a COOH group (carboxl)
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Fats do not mix with water. Therefor they are ______
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water-fearing
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What is the function of fats?
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long-term energy storage
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What are saturated fats?
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straight chain, all bonds occupied, single bonds, solid at room temperature
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What are two examples of saturated fats?
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butter fat, lard
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Stearic?
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Saturated fats
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What are unsaturated fats?
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kinked chain, all bonds not occupied, double or triple bonds, liquid at room temp
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Oleic?
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unsaturated fats
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What are three examples of unsaturated fats?
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corn oil, salad oil, olive oil
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What is a triglyceride?
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3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol group, high energy molecules, common form of fat in our bodies
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What are transfats?
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unsaturated fats chemically altered to be solid at room temp through process of hydrogenation- changed from kinked to straight
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Which type of fats are linked to heart disease and other health problems?
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transfats
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What is oleic acid?
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a cis unsaturated fatty acid that comprises part of olive oil
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What is Elaidic acid?
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a trans unsaturated fatty acid often found in hydrogenated vegetable oils; same formula as oleic acid but straight like a saturated fat
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What are proteins?
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long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds- chains then organized into very complex 3d shapes- shape related to function
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What is the function of proteins?
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Proteins serve many functions:
Structure- keratin in nails/hair Signalling- some hormones (insulin and growth hormones) Immune response- antibodies (identify invading organisms like bacteria) metabolism- enzymes (speed up biochemical reactions) |
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+ control
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shows you what positive test looks like (substance IS there)
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- control
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shows you what negative test looks like (substance is NOT there)
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A simple sugars test uses which reagent? What is the reagent made up of?
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Benedict's solution- sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, copper sulfate
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If Benedict's reagent is heated in the presence of a simple sugar what occurs?
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solution turns from blue to red
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What solution is used to detect polysaccharides?
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Lugol's solution
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What does Lugol's solution contain?
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iodine potassium iodide
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Glycogen ( a polysaccharide) yields what color with the iodine reagent?
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Blue black
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What is the structure of an amylose starch?
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long straight chains of glucose
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What is the structure of an amylopectin starch?
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branched
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What two tests will we use to detect fats?
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Greasy spot and Sudan IV
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What is Sudan IV
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fat soluble dye that dissolves in fat but not in water
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What happens to the solution containing fat in a Sudan IV test?
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Dissolves and color goes much deeper
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Zinc, copper, iron, etc. can be found in...
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proteins
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What two tests will we use to detect proteins?
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Coagulation and Biuret test
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In the coagulation test what happens if the solution contains protein?
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Becomes milky
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What solution is used in the coagulation test?
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Ethyl alcohol
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What makes up Biuret solution?
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egg albumin (copper sulfate) and sodium hydroxide
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What happens in the Biuret test if a protein is present?
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solution turns violet
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What is denaturation?
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Occurs when heat and various chemical reagents destroy physical integrity of protein molecule by altering various bonds between amino acids
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The carbon cycle begins with what?
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utilization of atmospheric carbon dioxide by green plants
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Overall photosynthetic reaction can be written as...
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6CO2+12H2O...light, energy, chlorophyll... C6H12O6+ 6H20+ 6O2
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What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
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Carbon dioxide and water
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
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Glucose, Water, and Oxygen
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Explains the process of photosynthesis
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1.) Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and oxygen are exchanged through stomates
2.) CO2 passes through guard cells to chloroplast 3.) Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll molecules 4.) Water is split into hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons 5.) Energy produced in the form of ATP and NADPH2 6.) That energy is used to incorporate carbon from CO2 into a carbohydrate molecule to form glucose 7.) Electrons and hydrogen released by splitting of water are also used in structure of new glucose molecule 8.) Oxygen atoms produced when water is split form gaseous oxygen which escapes through stomates into the atmosphere 9.) Remaining hydrogen from splitting of water reacts w/ oxygen of carbon dioxide to form new molecule of water |
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Why is photosynthesis important?
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production of glucose and other carbohydrates provides initial source of food for living world, liberation of oxygen from green plant makes possible very existence and maintenance of life on earth
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What happens to the glucose produced in photosynthesis if it is not immediately required by the plant?
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It is stored in the leaf in the form of starch
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What can stored starch do when needed?
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Be converted back into glucose
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Where in the leaf does photosynthesis occur?
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The chloroplast
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What is the equation for light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
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H20+ADP+P+NADP+... light.... 1/2 02+ATP+NADPH2
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Explain the process of light-dependent photosynthesis
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1.) Light energy is used to split water molecules
2.) P (phosphate) is added to ADP to make ATP and by adding hydrogen to NADP+ 3.) O2 is released as a byproduct |
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How can we estimate the rate of light-dependent reactions?
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measuring O2 production in disks cut from spinach leaves
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What makes the spinach leaf disks float?
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They are riddled with gas-filled intercellular spaces
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What purpose does the vacuum serve in our experiment?
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pulls out gasses in leaves and liquid fills the space so that the leaves sink
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What causes the leaf disks to float after the vacuum has caused them to sink?
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O2 diffuses into spaces and replaces liquids with gas
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What solution will we use to infiltrate the leaf disks?
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Sodium bicarbonate
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How many different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate will we use in our experiment?
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Three
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