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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neurons
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Recieve information and convey messages to each other and to muscles and glands
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glia
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smaller than neurons, they perform a number of other tasks
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Psysiological Explanation
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Explanation for behavior: relates a behavior to the activity of the brain and other organs
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Ontogenetic Explanation
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Explanation for behavior: describes the development of a structure or a behavior
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Evolutionary Explanation
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Explanation for behavior: examines a structure or a behavior in terms of evolutionary history
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Fuctional Explanation
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Explanation for behavior: describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did
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Dualism
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Belief that mind and body are different kinds of substance that exist independently, but somehow interact
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Monism
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Belief that the universe consists of only one kind of existence (3 parts: materialism, mentalism, and indentity position)
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Mentalism
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Subpart of monism: belief that only the mind really exists
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Identity position
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Subpart to monism: view that mental processes are the same thing as certain brain processes, but in different terms
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Enzymes
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Proteins that act as biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body
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Membrane
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Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment. It is composed of 2 layers of fat molecules. Selectivly permeable, but lets some molecules in through protein channels.
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Nucleus
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Structure that contains the chromosomal information (DNA)
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Mitochondira
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Structure that performs metabolic activities. It needs "fuel" and oxygen to function.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Network of thin tubes that transportnewly synthesized protiens to other locations
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Ribosomes
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Sites at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules (some float freely, others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum)
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Motor Neuron
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Recieves excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses from its soma in the spinal cord to muscle or gland cells
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Dendrites
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Branching fibers. Their surface is lined with synaptic receptors. It recieves information from other neurons
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Dendritic Spines
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Short outgrowths that increase the surface area of the dendrites. Increased surface area = more info processed
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Cell Body/Soma
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COntains the nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, mitochondria, etc. Much metabolic work occurs here.
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Axon
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Thin fiber used as the information sender or the neuron. It conveys messages to other neurons, glands, and muscles.
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Presynaptic Terminals
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Swellings at the tips of axon branches, axon releases chemicals here.
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Afferent Axon
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Brings information into a structure
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Efferent Axon
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Brings information away from structure
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Microglia
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Kind of glia: Removes waste, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms
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Radial Glia
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Guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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Mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate. Most drugs reach the brain because the dissolve into fats
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Active Transport
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A protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain
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Electrical gradient
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Difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the cell (brain)
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Resting Potential
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Difference in voltage in a resting neuron
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Sodium-Potassium pump
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Protein complex that repeatedly transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell while drawing 2 potassium ions in.
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Concentration gradient
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Difference in distribution of ions across the membrane
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Reductionism
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Use observations to infer things about science
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E.O. Wilson
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Famous scientist, "founder" of sociobiology. Ex-why do men and women behave differently?
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Consilience
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Using knowledge of behavior and cognitive observations to explain biology (opposite of reductionism)
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Trichromatic
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Red, green, and blue make up every color for TV and for the human eye
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Opproment Process
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(red & green) (blue & yellow) (black & white) Colors go together, if you stare at one and then look at a blank surface the opposite color will appear on the surface
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Solosist
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Subpart to monism: I dont know anything, I may not even exist
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Materialism
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Subpart of monism: belief that everything that exists is material or physical. Things you can see and feel are "real"
(most bio psychologists are materialists) |
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Cytoplasm
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The "juice" in the cell
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Synapse
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place at which communication between neurons occurs
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Myelin Sheath
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Covers and insulates the axon. Helps the signals to move faster
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Schwann Cells
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Protects axon by producing the myelin sheath
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Astrocytes
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Kind of glia: wrap around the presynaptic terminals of several axons. Takes in chemicals and releases them back to axons-helps synchronize activity of axons. Also remove waste material. Forms part of the blood-brain barrier
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Ogliodendricytes
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Type of glia that attaches to Schwann Cells
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Sensory Neuron
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Specialized to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation. Ends in the skin
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Nodes of Ranvier
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interruptions in the axon's myelin sheath, action potentials occur here
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Polarization
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Meaning a difference in electrical charge between two locations
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