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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hormones –
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chemicals produced by endocrine (ductless) glands
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Are released by glands and circulate through bloodstream, taking their effect by attaching to receptors on organs or other glands
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hormones
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WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO ORGANIZE THE SEX HORMONES
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ITS DONE AT SENSITIVE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT SHORTLY BEFORE THE BIRTH IN HUMANS AND DETERMINE WHETHER THE BRAIN AND BODY WILL DEVELOP MALE OR FEMALE CHARACTERISTICS
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WHEN CAN ACTIVATING EFFECTS HAPPEN
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ANY TIME IN LIFE AND ACTAVATES ITS EFFECTS ON A N ORGAN
DURING PUBERTY AND HORMONES CAN INDUCE LONG LASTING STRUCTURAL CHANGES |
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE HORMONES IN EARLY IN LIFE?
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ORGANIZE BODY DEVELOPMENT
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WHAT ARE THE WAYS HORMONES INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF
OF SEX |
1.. INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT FROM CONCEPTION TO SEXUAL MATURITY OF ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS DISTINGUISH FROM MALE AND FEMALE
2. IT ACTIVATES THE HORMONES TO THE REPRODUCTION RELATED BEHAVIOR OF SEXUALLY MATURE ADULTS |
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WHAT HORMONES INFLUENCE SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE ACTIVATION OF ADULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
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STEROID HORMONES
WHICH ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM CHOLESTEROL A TYPE OF FAT MOLECULE |
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WHAT DO THE GONADS DO
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CREATE SPERM AND EGG CELLS
PRODUCE AND RELEASE STEROID HORMONES BOTH TESTES AND OVARIES RELEASE THE SAME HORMONES |
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TWO MAIN CLASSES OF HORMONES
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ANDROGEN AND ESTROGEN
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GONADS ARE
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MALE TESTES
FEMALE OVARIES |
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MOST COMMON ANDROGEN
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TESTOSTERONE
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MOST COMMON ESTROGEN'S
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ESTRADIOL
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OVARIES RELEASE WHAT
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MORE ESTROGEN THAN ANDROGEN
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TESTES RELEASE WHAT
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MORE ANDROGEN THAN ESTROGEN'S
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WHAT DO WE NEED TO AVOID REGARDING ANDROGEN'S AND ESTROGEN'S
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NAMING THEM THE MALE AND FEMALE SEX HORMONES BECAUSE THEY DON'T
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THE THIRD CLASS OF STEROID HORMONES RELEASED BY THE OVARIES AND TESTS ARE CALLED`
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PROGESTINS
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THE MOST COMMON PROGESTINS IS
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PROGESTERONE
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FUNCTION OF PROGESTERONE
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FEMALES PREPARES THE UTERUS AND BREASTS FOR PG
MALE FUNCTION IS UNKNOWN |
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ADRENAL CORTEX
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LAYER ON ADRENAL GLANDS REGULATES GLUCOSE AND NA LEVELS IN BLOOD (NOT THOUGHT OF AS A SEX GLAND IT DOES RELEASE SMALL AMTS OF SEX STEROIDS THAT ARE RELEASED BY THE GONADS
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WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT HELP INFLUENCE THE HORMONES IN SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
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CHROMOSOMES
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL GENITALIA PUBERTY |
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AT WHAT STAGE IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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6 WEEK GESTATION
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WHAT ABOUT EMBRYOS ARE
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unisex until this differentiation – equally cable of forming male and female pattern REGARDLESS OF CHROMOSOMES
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prompt development of male pattern, no androgens result in female pattern
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ANDROGENS
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Development of external genitalia
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3 MONTHS INTO GESTATION
Again, androgens are important and differentiate the male from female pattern |
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AA EMBRYO AT ONE MONTH IS SPONTANEOUS ABORTED HOW CAN WE TELL IF IT WAS MALE OR FEMALE
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ONLY BY CHECKING THE CHROMOSOMES THE BODY STRUCTURE LOOKS THE SAME
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WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE DIMORPHIC
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COMES IN TWO STANDARD MODELS FEMALE AND MALE
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AT 6 WEEKS OF CONCEPTION WHY IS THE XX AND XY INDIVIDUALS IDENTICAL?
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BECAUSE EACH HAS THE SAME PAIR OF GONADAL STRUCTURES CALLED THE PRIMORDIAL GONADS
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WHAT IS THE PRIMORDIAL GONADS ARE?
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PRIMORDIAL MEANS EXISTING AT THE BEGINNING
AND CONTAINS A CORTEX AND CONTAINS A MEDULLA |
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WHEN DOES SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION BEGIN
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AT FERTILIZATION WITH THE PRODUCTION OF ONE OF TWO KINDS OF ZYGOTES
(XX) FEMALE (XY) MALE |
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WHAT NORMALLY DETERMINES IF THE EMBRYO WILL BE MALE OR FEMALE
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BE CAUTIOUS
GENETIC INFORMATION ON THE SEX CHROMOSOMES |
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CORTEX ON THE PRIMORDIAL GONADS
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OUTER COVERING
WHICH COULD DEVELOP INTO OVARY |
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MEDULLA ON THE PRIMORDIAL GONADS
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IS AN INTERNAL CORE WHICH COULD DEVELOP INTO TESTIS
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WHEN DOES SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION BEGINS
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AT 6 WEEKS PRENATAL OR POST CONCEPTION
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WHAT CAUSES THE MEDULLA OF EACH PRIMORDIAL GONAD TO GROW AND DEVELOP INTO A TESTIS
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AT 6 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION, THE SRY GENE ON THE Y CHROMOSOME OF THE MALE TRIGGERS TE SYTHESIS OF SRY PROTEIN AND THIS PROTEIN CAUSES THE MEDULLA TO GROW AND DEVELOP INTO TESTES
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WHAT CAUSES THE CORTEX OF THE PRIMORDIAL GONAD TO DEVELOP INTO AN OVARY
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THERE IS NO Y CHROMOSOME PRESENT AND NO FEMALE COUNTERPART OF SRY PROTEIN
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HOW ARE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNAL DUCTS MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS FROM WHAT?
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WOLFFIAN --------MALE
MULLERIAN ---- FEMALE |
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AT THE SIX WEEKS POST CONCEPTION EACH FETUS HAS?
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THE SAME PAIR OF GONADAL STRUCTURES THE MEDULLA AND CORTEX
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WHAT TRIGGERS THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMORDIAL GONWAD MEDULLA INTO TESTIS
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THE Y CHROMOSOME SRY GENE
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WHAT DOES THE SRY GENE MAKE
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THE SRY PROTEIN THAT TRIGGERS THE MEDULLA INTO TESTIS
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iF NO SRY GENE THEN WHAT HAPPENS
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OVARIES DEVELOP
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WHAT HAPPENS IF SRY PROTEIN IS INJECTED INTO A GENETIC FEMALE FETUS 6 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION
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FEMALE WITH TESTES
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WHAT HAPPENS IF DRUGS THAT BLOCK SRY PROTEIN ARE INJECTED INTO THE MALE FETUS
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GENETIC MALE WITH OVARIES
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WHEN DOES SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS DEVELOP?
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AT 6 WEEKS
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WHAT DO BOTH SEXES BEGIN WITH
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2 SETS OF REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS CALLED THE WOLFFIAN AND MULLIAN SYSTEM
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WHAT IS THE WOLFFIAN SYSTEM
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IT CONTAINS THE MALE INTERNAL ORGANS (SEMINAL VESICLES, VAS DEFERENS, (MALE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS)
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WHAT IS THE MULLIAN SYSTEM
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IT CONTAINS THE INTERNAL FEMALE ORGANS ( UTERUS, VAGINA, FALLOPIAN TUBES
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IS IT PHYSICALLY POSSIBLE TO HAVE 2 MALE AND 2 FEMALE ORGANS
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NO BUT YOU CAN HAVE I TESTIS AND I OVAVRY
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AT 6 WEEKS , ALL HUMAN FETUSES HAVE THE ANTECEDENTS OF
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BOTH MALE (WOLFFIAN)
AND FEMALE (MILLERIAN) SYSTEMS |
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HOW IS THE WOLFFIAN SYSTEM DEVLELOPS AND (TIME)
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UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TESTICULAR TESTOSTERONE
AND MULLERIAN INHIBITING SUBSTANCE CAUSES THE MULLERIAN SYSTEM TO DEGENERATE |
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HOW DOES THE MULLERIAN SYSTEM DEVELOPS?
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IN THE ABSENCE OF TESTOSTERONE, THE MULLERIAN SYSTEM DEVELOPS INTO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS AND THE WOLFFIAN SYSTEM FAILS TO DEVLOP
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WHEN IS THERE A DIFFERENTIATION OF DUCTS
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3RD PRENATAL MONTH OR 12 WEEKS
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IN THE 3RD MONTH OF MALE FETAL DEVELOPMENT
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THE TESTES SECRET TESTOSTERONS AND MULLERIAN INHIBITING SUBSTANCE AND THE TESTOSTERONE STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WOLFFIAN SYSTEM AND THE MULLERIAN-INHIBITING SUBSTANCE CAUSES THE MULLERIAN SYSTEM TO DEGENERATE AND THE TESTES TO DESCENT INTO THE SCROTUM
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WHAT IS SCROTUM
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THE SAC THAT HOLDS THE TESTES OUTSIDE THE BODY CAVITY
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WHAT HAPPENS IF GENETIC FEMALE IS INJECTED WITH TESTOSTERONE DURING THE APPROPRIATE FETAL PERIOD?
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS ARE DEVELOP ALONG WITH FEMALEONES
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THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE INTERNAL DUCTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IS WHAT?
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NOT UNDER THE CONTROL OF OVARIAN HORMONES, THE OVARIES ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY INACTIVE DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT
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THE DEVLOPEMENT OF THE MULLERIAN SYSTEM OCCURS IN ANY FETUS THAT IS NOT?
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EXPOSED TO TESTICULAR HORMONES DURING THE CRITICAL FETAL PERIOD
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WHEN DOES THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA OCCUR?
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IN THE 3RD PRENATAL MONTH
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS COME FROM WHAT?
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THAT SAME BI-POTENTIAL PRECURSOR
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WHAT IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALS CONTROLLED BY
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THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TESTOSTERONE
IF TESTOSTERONE PRESENT AT THE APPROPRIATE STAGE OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT YIELDS MALE EXTERNAL GENTILES FROM THE BI-POTENTIAL PRECURSOR |
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AND IF TESTOSTERONE NOT PRESENT
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTERNAL GENITALS PROCEEDS ALONG FEMALE LINES
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WHAT HAPPENS IF THE TIMING IS OFF
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for the possibility of mismatches between internal and external genitalia
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WHAT IS Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
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produces XY individuals appear female because their bodies fail to listen to the androgen produces, these individuals appear to be female but have functioning testes
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NORMALLY HOW DE WE JUDGE SEX
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sex based on external genital
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DURING CHILDHOOD WHAT IS LOW
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LEVELS OF CIRCULATING GONADAL HORMONES ARE LOW
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS ARE IMMATURE AND MALES AND FEMALES ARE NOT DIFFERENT IN GENERAL APPEARANCE |
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WHAT IS PUBERTY
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THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD BETWEEN CHILDHOOD AND ADULTHOOD
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WHAT HAPPENS IN PUBERTY
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PRODUCTION OF HORMONES THAT
ESTABLISHES FERTILITY GROWTH SPURT OCCURS produces secondary sex characteristics |
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SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
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FEATURES OTHER THAN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS THAT DISTINGUISH SEXUALLY MATURE MEN AND WOMEN
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PUBERTY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE OF WHAT
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GROWTH HORMONE
GONADOTROPIC HORMONE ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONES |
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WHAT RELEASES THE HORMONES?
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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WHAT HORMONE IS THE ONLY ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE THAT DOES NOT HAVE A GLAND AS IT PRIMARY TARGET
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GROWTH HORMONE
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GROWTH HORMONE
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ACT DIRECTLY ON BONE AND MUSCLE TISSUE TO PRODUCE GROWTH
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WHAT DOES THE GONADOTROPIC
AND ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE DO |
CAUSE THE GONADS AND THE ADRENAL HORMONES WHICH INITIATE THE MATURATION OF THE GENITALS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
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WHAT IS MASCULINIZATION
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IN PUBERTAL MALES, ANDROGEN LEVELS ARE HIGHER THAN ESTROGEN LEVELS
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WHAT CAUSES FEMINIZATION
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IN PUBERTAL FEMALES, THE ESTROGEN ARE PREDOMINATE
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WHAT HAPPENS IF INDIVIDUALS RE CASTRATED BEFORE PUBERTY?
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DO NOT BECOME SEXUALLY MATURE AND NEED REPLACEMENT INJECTIONS OF ANDROGEN AND ESTROGEN
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WHAT IS ANDROSTENEDIONE?
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AN ANDROGEN THAT IS RELEASES BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PUBIC HAIR AND AXILLARY HAIR IN FEMALES
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WHY IS PUBERTY ACCELERATED
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IMPROVEMENTS IN DIETARY, MEDICAL, AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
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WHAT HAPPENS TO INDIVIDUALS WHO FAIL TO UNDERGO PUBERTY
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DO NOT DEVELOP SEXUAL INTEREST
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Hormones may affect continues sexual interest but are more important for
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sexual performance especially men more than women
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(hormones may be lost
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to aging,
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fertility decrease
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in both men and women)
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(fertility at
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its height is between 20 and 30)
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Hormone levels
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are not related to sexual orientation
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INTER SEX CONDITIONS
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Having a mixture of male and female
Can’t have a full set of both |
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
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leads to XX individuals having ambiguous external genitalia (but normal internal)
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome leads
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to development of testes but no other male internal or external reproductive organs
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WHY ARE MEN BRAINS LARGER THAN WOMEN
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DUE TO NUMEROUS ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES
VOLUMES OF STRUCTURES SIZES OF FIBER TRACTS AND THE TYPE OF CELLS THAT MAKE UP STRUCTURES AND NUMBER AND TYPES OF SYNAPSES THAT CONNECT CELLS WITH STRUCTURES BY 15 % |
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WHAT MASCULINIZES THE BRAIN
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SEX STEROIDS ARE DERIVED FROM CHOLESTEROL AND CONVERTED FROM ONE TO THE OTHER AROMATIZED TESTOSTERONE BECOMES ESTRADIOL (FOUND IN RODENTS)
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WHAT INTERFERES WITH MASCULINIZING EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE
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BLOCKING AROMATIZATION OR ESTRADIOL RECEPTORS
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WHY DOESN'T THE FEMALE BRAIN GET MASCULINIZE
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IT WAS FOUND IN FEMALE RODENTS THAT
ALPHA FETOPROTEIN IN THE BLOOD DURING PREINATAL PERIOD PROTECTS THE FEMALE BRAIN FROM ESTRADIOL |
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WHY IS ESTRADIOL NOT BROKEN DOWN IN THE BRAIN
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BECAUSE ALPHA FETO PROTEIN DOES NOT CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
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WHAT DO PERINATALHORMONES DO TO THE BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE (RATS)
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FOR MALES MASCULINIZE PROMOTES MALE BEHAVIOR AND DEFEMINIZE PREVENTING FEMALE BEHAVIOR
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WHAT HORMONE MASCULINIZES AND DEFEMINIZES
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PERI NATAL TESTOSTERONE
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SIX WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION, THE SYE GENE ON THE Y CHROMOSOME OF THE HUMAN MALE TRIGGERS THE PRODUCTION OF WHAT
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SRY PROTEIN
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IN THE ABSENCE OF SRY PROTEIN THE CORTICAL CELLS OF THE PRIMORDIAL GONADS DEVELOP INTO WHAT
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OVARIES
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IN THE 3RD MONTH OF MALE FETAL DEVELOPMENT, THE TESTES SECRETE ____________ AND __________________
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TESTOSTERONE
AND INHIBITING MULLERIAN SUBSTANCE |
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THE HORMONAL FACTOR THAT TRIGGERS THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN MULLERIAN SYSTEM IS ________
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ANDROGEN OR TESTROGERN
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_______ AND ____________ DEVELOP FROM THE SAME BIPOTENTIAL PRECURSOR
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SCROTUM AND LABIA MAJORA
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WHAT CAUSES THE BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN
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PRENATAL ANDROGEN
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HOW DOES ESTRADIOL GET INTO THE MALE BRAIN
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TESTOTERON ENTERS THE BRAIN AND IS CONVERTED TO ESTRADIOL
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WHAT DETERMINES IF MALE OR FEMALE DEVELOP
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LEVELS OF ANDROGEN AND ESTROGEN
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WHAT DISEASE IS WHERE THE LITTLE GIRL GREW INTO A BOY
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CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
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THE WOMEN WHO WASN'T
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ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
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WHY WAS ANNE A MAN
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XY CHROMOSOME
INTERNALIZED TESTES BUT NO OVARIES hORMONE TEST WERE LEVELS OF A MAN |
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WHAT CAUSES ANDROGENIC INSESITIVITY SYNDROME
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MUTATION IN THE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR GENE THE ANDROGEN RECEPTORS ARE UNRESPONSIVE
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DURING DEVELOPMENT ANNE'S TESTES RELEASED
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NORMAL ANDROGENS FOR A MALE BUT HER BODY COULD NOT RESPOND TO THEM BECAUSE OF THE MUTATION
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ANN GETS TO PUBERTY
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AT PUBERTY
ANNES TESTES RELEASED ENOUGH ESTROGEN TO FEMINIZE HER BODY IN THE ABSENCE OF THE COUNTERACTING EFFECTS OF ANDROGEN HER ADRENAL ANDROSTENEDIONE WAS NOT STIMULATED THE GROWTH OF PUBIC AND AXILLARY HAIR |
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WHAT HAPPEN DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT TO ANN BODY
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NORMAL INTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS DURING FETAL DEVELOPMENT
SHE HAD RELEASED NORMAL AMOUNTS OF ANDROGENS FOR A MALE BUT HER BODY DID NOT RESPOND TO THE ANDROGEN AND SO HER BODY RESPONDED LIKE A FEMALE SHE HAD FEMALE EXTERNAL GENITAL AND HER BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR DEVELOP LIKE A FEMALE |
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WHO DOES ONE DEVELOP ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME
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CAUSED BY CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
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ADRENOENITAL SYNDROME AFFECT BOYS
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LITTLE EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MALES BUT
ACCELERATES PUBERTY |
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ADRENONITAL SYNDROME FOR GIRLS
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DX AT BIRTH
ABNORMALITIES OF THE EXTERNIAL GENITALS ARE CORRECTED AT BIRTH ENLARGE CLITORIS AND PARTIALLY FUSES LABIA |
