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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A group of cells performing a common function.
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Tissue
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How many types of tissues are there?
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epithelial
connective muscular nervous |
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covers the body surface and forms the lining for most internal cavities. The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration.
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Epithelial tissue
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is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection.
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Connective tissue
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is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body.
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Nerve tissue
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There are three types of muscle tissue:
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skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
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is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of skeletal parts
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Skeletal muscle
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is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels. It is an involuntary type.
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Smooth muscle
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is found only in the walls of the heart and is involuntary in nature.
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The cardiac muscle
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Functions of the skeletal system:
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Protection, Movement, Mineral storage, production of blood.
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2 broad divisions in the skeletal system.
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Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton |
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Composed of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage.
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Axial Skeleton
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126 bones in the human body. Appendage or anything attached to a major part of the body, such as the upper and lower extremities
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Appendicular Skeleton
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MOVEMENT IS ONLY ACHIEVED BY THE ACTION OF__________
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OPPOSING MUSCLES
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MUSCLES ARE MADE UP OF __________
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MUSCLE FIBERS
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FIBERS ARE MADE UP OF
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MYOFIBRILS
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MYOFIBRILS ARE COMPOSED OF 2 PROTEINS
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ACTIN & MYOSIN
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TYPES OF BASIC MUSCLES
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SMOOTH & STRIATED
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BASIC ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT BY TH NERVOUS SYSTEM:
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SENSORY FUNCTIONS & CONTROLLING MOVEMENT.
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INCLUDES THE SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE.
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STRIATED MUSCLES
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THE BASIC UNIT (CELL) OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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NEURON
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CONSISTS OF A CELL BODY, AN AXON FOR SIGNAL CONDUCTION, & BRANCHING DENDRITES.
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NEURON
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INCREASES THE AREA FOR CONNECTING TO OTHER NEURONS OR MUSCLES.
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BRANCHING DENDRITES.
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THE PLACE WHERE THE SIGNAL TRANSMISSION BETWEEN 2 CELLS OCCURS.
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THE SYNAPSE
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ARE CHEMICALS WHICH ARE STORED IN THE SYNAPSE AND THEN RELEASE TO SEND A SIGNAL TO THE NEXT CELLS.
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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A NEUROTRANSMITTER-BINDS TO RECEPTORS ON THE RECEIVING CELL.
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ACETYLCHOLINE
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THERE ARE CHANGES IN IONIC AND CHARGE STATE IN A NEURON WHEN IT IS STIMULATED.
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EVENTS
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NERVOUS SYSTEM CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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DIVISIONS
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CONSISTS OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: COMPONENTS
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A COVERING OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM-SURROUNDS THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.
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MENINGES
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EVERYTHING THAT ISN'T THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
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THE 2 TYPES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES ARE ?
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SENSORY & MOTOR
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ALSO KNOWN AS INVOLUNTARY FUNCTIONS. (YOU DON'T HAVE TO THINK ABOUT THESE) SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLE.
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AUTONOMIC
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ALSO KNOWN AS VOLUNTARY-YOU CONTROL THIS. USUALLY INVOLVES SKELETAL MUSCLE.
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SOMATIC
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THE AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IS DIVIDED AS...
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SYMPATHETIC & PARASYMPATHETIC
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USUALLY ACCELERATES THINGS.
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SYMPATHETIC
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USUALLY SLOWS THINGS DOWN.
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PARASYMPATHETIC
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THESE ARE FASTER BECAUSE THE SIGNALS DON'T HAVE TO BE SENT TO THE BRAIN, INSTEAD PROCESSING TAKES PLACE IN THE SPINAL CORD.
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REFLEXES
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BRAIN IS COMPOSED OF THREE BASIC PARTS:
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CEREBRUM
CEREBULLUM BRAIN STEM |
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IT'S FUNCTIONS ARE PROCESSING OF SENSORY INFORMATION AND MEMORY.
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CEREBRUM
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RECEIVES INFORMATION AND FROM MUSCLES & SENSORY RECEPTORS CONTROL
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CEREBULLUM
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CONTROLS MANY AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS SUCH AS BREATHING & HEART BEAT.
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BRAIN STEM
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THE FRONT SURFACE OF THE EYE.
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CORNEA
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WITHIN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF THE EYE IS THE...
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LENS
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THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT PASSES THROUGH THE LENS IS CONTROLLED BY THE...
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IRIS
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LOCATED ON THE POSTERIOR SURFACE. LIGHT IS DETECTED BY THE RODS AND CONES IN THE...
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RETINA
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THE SIGNAL FROM THE EYE IS SENT TO THE BRAIN VIA THE...
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OPTIC NERVE
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3 MAJOR REGIONS IN THE EAR:
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OUTER EAR
MIDDLE EAR INNER EAR |
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FUNSTION IS COLLECTING SOUND AND SENDING IT TO THE EARDRUM THROUGHT THE AUDITORY CANAL.
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OUTER EAR
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Main function is to amplify sound
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MIDDLE EAR
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These bones form a chain around the middle ear and extend to the oval window of the inner ear and their main function is to amplify sound
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Malleus – Also known as hammer
Incus – Also known as anvil Stapes – commonly called stirrup |
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Also known as hammer
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Malleus –
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Also known as anvil
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Incus –
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Also known as stirrup
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Stapes –
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FUNCTION IS TO EQUALIZE PRESSURE IN THE EAR.
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EUSTACHIAN TUBE (AUDITORY TUBE)
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PICKS UP VIBRATION.
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TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (EARDRUM)
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Is responsible for interpreting and transmitting sound (auditory) sensations and balance (vestibular) sensations to the brain.
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INNER EAR
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The main components of the inner ear are the...
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-vestibule
-semicircular canals -cochlea |
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PROCESSES SOUND AND SENDS INFORMATION DOWN THE AUDITORY NERVE.
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COCHLEA
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IN THE INNER EAR, FUNCTIONS AS BALANCE.
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SEMICIRCULAR CANALS (DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM)
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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD?
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TRANSPORTING WASTES, NUTRIENTS, & OXYGEN.
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WHAT ARE THE 2 MAIN COMPONENTS OF BLOOD?
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CELLS AND FLUID
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THE FLUID PORTION OF THE BLOOD
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PLASMA
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THEY CARRY OXYGEN VIA THE TRANSPORT PROTEIN HEMOGLOBIN.
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ERYTHROCYTES
(RED BLOOD CELLS) |
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MOST FUNCTION IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO PROTECT THE BODY AGAINST DISEASE.
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LEUKOCYTES
(WHITE BLOOD CELLS) |
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NAME THE GENERAL FLOW OF BLOOD CIRCULATION:
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HEART > ARTERY > ARTERIOLE > CAPILLARY > VENULE > VEIN > BACK TO HEART
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THE THINEST AND MOST NUMEROUS BLOOD VESSELS.
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CAPILLARIES
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THEY ARE THE LARGEST BLOOD VESSELS & HAVE A MUSCULAR WALL.
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ARTERIES
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THERE ARE 2 LOOPS OF CIRCULATION:
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PULMONARY & SYSTEMIC
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TAKES BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS AND BACK.
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PULMONARY CIRCULATION
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TAKES BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE BODY AND BACK.
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SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
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OXYGEN POOR BLOOD GOES FROM THE _______TO THE _______.
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RIGHT VENTRICLE TO THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION.
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OXYGEN RICH BLOOD RETURNS FROM THE LUNGS TO THE HEART VIA THE _____.IT ENTERS THE LEFT ATRIUM AND THEN GOES TO THE LEFT VENTRICLE.
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PULMONARY VEIN
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OXYGEN POOR BLOOD RETURNS FROM FROM THE BODY TO THE...
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RIGHT ATRIUM
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PUMPS OXYGEN-RICH BLOOD TO THE BODY (VIA THE AORTA)
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LEFT VENTRICLE
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THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IS TO...
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BRING IN O2 AND GET RID OF CO2.
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THE 2 BROAD DIVISIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ARE...
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UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT & LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
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CONSISTS OF THE NASAL CAVITY, ORAL CAVITY, PHARYNX (THROAT), & LARYNX (VOICE BOX).
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UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
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CONSISTS OF THE TRACHEA (WINDPIPE).
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LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
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THE TRACHEA BRANCHES INTO 2 MAJOR BRANCHES:
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BRONCHI & BRONCHIOLES
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EACH OF THEM LEADS INTO THE LUNG.
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BRONCHI
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THE BRONCHI BRANCH INTO SMALLER TUBES CALLED...
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BRONCHIOLES
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THE AIR SACS AT THE END OF THE BRONCHIOLES-GAS EXCHANGE TAKES PLACE HERE.
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ALVEOLI
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THE DIAGHRAM DROPS DOWN AND CREATES A VACUUM IN THE THORACIC CAVITY WHICH SUCKS IN AIR.
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NEGATIVE PRESSURE
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A SHEET OF MUSCLE THAT MARKS THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE THORACIC & ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
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DIAGHRAM
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HOW DOES GAS EXCHANGE HAPPEN AT THE ALVEOLI?
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DIFFUSION
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CONTROLS A WIDE RANGE OF BODILY FUNCTIONS- METABOLISM, GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, & TEMPERATURE.
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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CHEMICAL MESSENGERS USED IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
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HORMONES
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THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF HORMONES USED IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
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STEROIDAL &
NON-STEROIDAL |
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ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE, CORTISOL, & ALDOSTERONE. ARE WHAT TYPE OF HORMONES?
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STEROIDAL
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ALL OTHER HORMONE EXCEPT ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE, CORTISOL, & ALDOSTERONE. ARE WHAT TYPE?
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NON-STEROIDAL
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PRODUCE HORMONES WHICH TRAVEL THROUGH THE BLOOD STREAM TO THE TARGET ORGAN(S).
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ENDOCRINE CELLS & GLANDS
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ENDOCRINE GLANDS & THEIR PRODUCTS INCLUDE:
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THE HYPOTHALAMUS, PITUITARY GLAND, TSH, FSH, LH, PINEAL GLAND, PARATHYROID, ADRENAL GLANDS, PANCREAS, OVARY, & TESTES.
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One of the most important functions of it is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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Is an endocrine gland, a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a bony cavity (sella turcica). It secretes hormones regulating homeostasis.
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PITUITARY GLAND (hypophysis)
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A peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as TSH or thyrotropin)
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A hormone synthesized and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland. It regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the human body.
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland.In females, an rise of it triggers ovulation. In males, it stimulates production of testosterone.
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Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin)
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One of the largest endocrine glands in the body, controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.
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Thyroid
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A small endocrine gland in the vertebrate brain. It produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and photoperiodic (seasonal) functions.
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The pineal gland
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A hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and photoperiodic (seasonal) functions.
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Melatonin
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Are small endocrine glands in the neck; Humans have 4; They control the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones.
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The parathyroid glands
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They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), respectively.
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Adrenal glands
(Suprarenal glands) |
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It increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and reduces immune responses.
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Cortisol
"stress hormone" |
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A hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys. This increases blood volume and therefore, increases blood pressure.
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Aldosterone
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"Fight or flight", hormone and play a central role in the short-term stress reaction. It is released from the adrenal glands when danger threatens or in an emergency.
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EPINEPHRINE (adrenaline) & NONEPINEPHRINE
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It produces insulin, glucagon for metabolism. Secretes digestive enzymes. These enzymes help in the further breakdown of the carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the chyme.
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Pancreas
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They're homologous, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands. Female
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OVARY
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Ovaries secrete both...
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Estrogen & Progesterone
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REGULATES THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE & REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.
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Estrogens
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They're homologous, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands. They produce sperm (spermatozoa)
& testosterone. |
TESTES
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Promotes tissue growth & regulates the reproductive system.
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Testosterone
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FUNCTION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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DIGESTING FOOD
METABOLIZING FOOD EXCRETION OF WASTE |
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DIGESTIVE ENZYMES:
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AMYLASE
& PROTEASES |
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ENZYME IN SALIVA- BREAKS DOWN STARCH
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AMYLASE
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ENZYMES THAT BREAK DOWN PROTEIN-PRESENT IN SALIVA & GASTRIC SECRETIONS.
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PROTEASES
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COMPONENTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM:
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MOUTH, SALIVARY GLANDS, PHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, DOUDENUM, ILIUM, COLON, LIVER, GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS.
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START THE MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN OF THE FOOD.
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MOUTH (TEETH)
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STARTS THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS, ALSO ACTS AS A LUBRICANT.
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SALIVARY GLANDS (SALIVA)
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THE LARGEST OF THE 3 SALIVARY GLANDS.
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PAROTID GLANDS
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FOOD PASSES THROUGH HERE FROM THE MOUTH TO THE ESOPHAGUS.
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PHARYNX (THROAT)
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MUSCULAR TUBE WHICH LEADS TO THE STOMACH.
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ESOPHAGUS
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HAS A MUSCULAR WALL LINED WITH MUCUS, CONTAINS GASTRIC ENZYMES & ACID.
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STOMACH
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THE FIRST PORTION OF THE INTESTINE AFTER THE STOMACH.
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DOUDENUM
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WHERE THE MAJORITY OF DIGESTION & NUTRIENT ABSORPTION TAKES PLACE.
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SMALL INTESTINE
(ILIUM) |
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MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL THROUGH THE INTESTINES IS ACHEIVED BY MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS CALLED...
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PERISTALSIS
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WASTE IS PRODUCED HERE-WATER IS ABSORBED.
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LARGE INTESTINE
(COLON) |
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THE FINAL PORTION OF THE LARGE INTESTINE IS CALLED...
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RECTUM
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IMPORTANT FOR METABOLISM-INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION & BREAKDOWN OF PROTEINS, GLYCOGEN, & BREAKS DOWN TOXINS.
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LIVER
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RELEASES BILE INTO THE DUODENUM.
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GALLBLADDER
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RESPONSIBLE FOR BREAKING DOWN FATS.
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BILE
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PRODUCES INSULIN WHICH IS INVOLVED IN GLUCOSE METABOLIM.
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PANCREAS
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FUNCTION OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM:
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REMOVES WASTE & RETAINS MATERIAL THE BODY NEEDS.
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THE MAJOR EXCRETORY ORGANS-HAVE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BLOOD FLOWING THROUGH THEM ALL THE TIME-REMOVE WASTE FROM THE BLOOD.
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KIDNEYS
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THE SITE IN THE KIDNEY WHERE FILTRATION OCCURS. INVOLVES ACTIVE TRANSPORT TO ELIMINATE THE MATERIALS THAT ARE NOT WANTED BY THE BODY WHILE REABSORBING THOSE THAT ARE.
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GLOMERULI
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TUBES WHICH TRANSPORT URINE FROM THE KIDNEYS TO THE BLADDER
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URETERS
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URINE FLOWS TO THE OUTSIDE FROM THE BLADDER BY THE WAY OF THE...
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URETHRA
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UNICELLULAR, MEMBERS OF THE EUBACTERIA & ARCHEA. PROKARYOTIC, MOST ARE DECOMPOSER.
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BACTERIA
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ALL LIVING THINGS EXCEPT VIRUSES BELONG TO WHAT 2 GROUPS.
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PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
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PROTOZOANS, FUNGI, PLANTS, & ANIMALS ARE IN WHAT GROUP?
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EUKARYOTES
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WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTES?
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NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES RIBOSOMES SOME HAVE CELL WALLS |
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WHAT ARE THE CHARATERISTICS OF PROKARYOTES?
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SMALLER RIBOSOMES
CELL WALL |
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A SMALL CIRCULAR PIECE OF DNA THAT REPLICATES INDEPENDENTLY OF THE CHROMOSOME.
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PLASMIDS
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A TOUGH SURVIVAL STRUCTURE SOME BACILLUS AND CLOSTRIDIUM MAKE.
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ENDOSPORE
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NAMES THE 3 BASIC SHAPES OF BACTERIA:.
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-COCCI (ROUND)
-BACILLI (ROD SHAPED) -SPIRALS |
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOANS:
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EUKARYOTIC- UNICELLULAR, MANY CAN MAKE A CYST,
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A TOUGH SURVIVAL STAGE MADE BY MICROORGANISMS. OFTEN THE STAGE THAT TRANSMITS DISEASE.
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CYST
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WHEN THEY AREN'T IN CYST FORM, THE ARE IN A FORM KNOWN AS...
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TROPHOZOITE
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI:
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BOTH UNICELLULAR & MULTICELLULAR, DECOMPOSERS, REPRODUCE BY SPORES.
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THEY GROW ON, BREAK DOWN & ABSORB NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD MATERIAL.
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DECOMPOSERS
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MULTICELLULAR FUNGI-COMPOSED OF STRANDS OF CELLS ALL JOINED INTO ONE MASS.
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MOLDS
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A UNICELLULAR FUNGUS- CAN CARRY OUT FERMENTATION.
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YEAST
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A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FUNGUS AND AN ALGAE, THE ALGAE PROVIDES THE FOOD MOLD SERVES AS DECOMPOSER.
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LICHENS
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