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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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disuss difference btw fungi and plants
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all plants autotropic while fungi are heerotrophic
cellwall of plants=cellulose cellwall of fungi=chitin |
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discuss similarity btw fungi and plants
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both non motile, multicellular orgaism with differential tissue
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why are blue green algae considered monerans and more correctly called cynobacteria
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have no nucleus chloroplast, mitochondria and have cell wall which is characteristic of prokaryotic bacteria
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which phyla have radial symmetry?
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enchinodermata (star fish)
cnidaria (jellyfish) |
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2 way conifer differ from angiosperm
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unprotected seed and have cones
angiosperm has protected seed and have flower as their primary sexual organ |
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body part that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved independently as adaptation to similar environmental pressure
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what is analogus structure
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there is natural force in all living things that push them towards perfection
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what is lamarkians theory of evolution included the idea that?
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darwin's theory of natural selection to explain evolutin is also know as
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desent with modification
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T or F
selection for adaptation to a particular environment ensure that populartion will become stronger an more viable under any condition |
False
not just any condition but under certain condition |
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wings of bat and forleg of an alligator are
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homologus structure
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belief that the fossil forms represented in each layer of the earth were destryoed by catastrophic events
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catastropism
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list 5 darwin's belief
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evolutionof species occurs gradually and evenly overtime
there is struggle forsurvival amnonga organism individuals with fitter variant will survive and reproduce driving force behind evolution was he fittness of organism for its particular environment |
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t or f
driving force behind evolutionwas the genetic mutation and recombination |
false
it was fittness of organism for its particular environment |
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the proposed primodial soup composed of ?
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carbon
hydrogen oxygen nitrogen |
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blockage of lymph capillary in SI would affect the absorption of which type of molecule
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lipid
in SI lipid are transported out of epithelical cell into lacteal the lipid joins the circulatory system via thoracic duct |
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t/f
ciliated nasal membrane worm, moisten and filter inspired air |
t
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t/f
mucus lining the respiratory trc coats particulate matter |
t
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t/f
air is forced into the lungs during inhalation |
f
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t/f the beatin of cillia that line the respiratory tract moves foreign particles toward pharynx for expulsion
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t
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in negative pressure breathing, air enters the lung b/c
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of difference in pressure btw the interior f the lung and external environment
inc the volume of thoracic cavity by contracting the muscle of rib cate and th diaphragm creates the pressure difference |
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t/f
blood pressure influce the amt of oxygen delivered to body tissue |
false
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t/f surface are of RBC and alveoliand rate of respiration influence the amt of oxygen delivered to bod tissue
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true
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in negative pressure breathing inhalation results from
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contracting the diaphragm
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adrenal () secrete a.a derivetive
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adrenal medula
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adrenal () secrete steroid hormone
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adrenal cortex
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hypothalamic releasing hormone
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stimulate anteriour pituary gland to secrete hormone
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hypotalamic inhibiting hormone
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inhibits anteriour pituary glandto secrete hormone
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hypotalamic inhibiting releasing hormone secreated into?
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circulatory pathway known as hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
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regulation whereby an end product inhibits one or more of eariler step that lead to its production/ secretion
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negative feedback
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aldoestone inc
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water reabsorption which lead to blood volume
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diease in which the ealstiity of the alveoli is dec
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what is emphysema
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person w/ emphysema
(the ealstiity of the alveoli is dec ) |
greater co2 andlow o2 in blood since alveoli do not complete deflate and air remains w/i alveoli
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which type of immune cell remains dormant in the lymph nodes until activated by specific antigen
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b cell
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helper cell stimulate both
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humoral andcell mediated immunity
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osteoclast
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breakdown bone, release Ca
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osteoblast
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build bone, absorp Ca
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an intravenous infusion causing harp ris in the blood level of Ca will most likely result
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in osteoblast activity, lowering the blood level of Ca
inc Ca= body will work to lower the Ca level in order to maintain homeostasis |
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the majority of MHC class 1 molecule on the surface of a cell infected w/ bacterium will have bound peptides that are derived from
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bacteria
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when a pathogen is ingested by a macrophage the pathogen is broken down into polypeptide fragments these polypeptide fragments are then displayed by
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MHC class 1 molecule on the surface of the cell
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antibody composed of how many subunit?
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4 protein subunit
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both cellular and humoral response are ()immune response
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specific immune response
cellular: against pathogen that have entered body cell humoral: against pathogen hat have not entered body |
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passive immunity
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transfer of antibody
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active immunity (*naturally acquired)
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making antibody
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vaccination
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artificially acquired immunity
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mother to infant transfer of antibody
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naturally acquired immunity
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the transfer of antibodies from one individual who is immune to a particular diease to another individual who is not immune to the dieases is ex of
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artifically acquired passive immunity
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lamba phage is
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bacteriophage
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centrioles found only in
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animal cells
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ribosomes are assembled in ()from () and () imported from cytoplasm
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nucleus
from rRNA and protein |
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charged ion () pass through the nonpolar region of the plasma membrane
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do not
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mitochondria are inherited
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maternally
(but not related to endosymbiotic theory) |
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what is primary consumer
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feed on autotrophic producers
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what is symbiotic relationship
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longterm relationship btw two living organism
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barnacles living on whales
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ex of symbiotic relationship
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bacteria residing in the gut of termites
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ex of symbiotic relationship
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fleas living on a dog
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ex of symbiotic relationship
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mushroom living on a dead tree trunk
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not an ex of symbiotic relationship
must be btw two living organism |
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expect to see prominent nucleolus in a cell that is
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active in protein syn
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what is niche?
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describes an organisms place in its enviornment. it includes the organism's habitat, food source, mating procedure, climate tolerance, parasite and predator and all other asapects that describe how an organism interacts w/ its enviornment.
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primary difference btw ecosystem and community
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community includes only the population of living organism while ecosystem also include non living , abiotic, environment
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automatic response is cordinated by
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reticular activating system
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which region of the kidney has the lowest solute concentration?
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cortex (place where all the solute reabsorped)
in medulla, solute is reabsorpted but since water is reabsorpted make it high solute concentration) |
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the kidney of desert animal hae modified nephrn which help them survive long period without H2O.One would expect such a nephron to ??
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have very long loop of henle
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urine is hyper/hypotonic to the blood
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hypertonic
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monosachrides, cells, cell fragment, and protein which one filter thru glomerus
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monosachrides
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why do protozoans lack an organized excretory system
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protozoan are single celled organism and lack any organs. all exchange occur through the cell mem
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why do cnidarians lack an organized excretory system
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cndarian also exchange material drectly across the cell membrane and get rid of indigested food through their single mouth/anus
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the intestinal capillaries transport nutrients from the intestine to the?
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liver where inital processing of many nutrients begin
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define extracellular digestion
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process in which molecule are broken down outside of the cell
stomach is specialized for extracellular digeston |
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which part of muscle dec during contractio
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H,I,Z
H (only thick) I (think only) Z (secromere) |
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which type of muscle has myogenic activity
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smooth and cardiacc
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six turns of calvin cycle will produce
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12 PGAL are from 6 CO2 and 6RBP
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during O2 debt
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more basic
thus dec in Ph is least likely to occur |
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gas exchange and exhalation is () process
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passive
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man trapped for 3 days underneath the ruin of a collapsed building wasrescued. He suffered from internal bleeding and was very dehydrate and high level of aldoestone was found why?
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internal bleeding= dec blood
thus inc aldoestone=inc water absorption =inc blood volume |
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lymp sys collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to ??
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circulatory system
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lymp also absorbs chylomicrons from () and deliver them to ()
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small intestine
to cardiovascular circulation |
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how does water travel upward in xylem
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transpiration pull occur when water evaporates leave of plants
capillary action pulls any liquid up a thin tube root pressure is caused water root hairs and pushing water up the stem |
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transpiration
capillary action root pressure |
mood that water travel upward in xylem
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which of the following events occur immidiately after ovulation?
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sharp inc in LH secreton
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reduction of intrapleural pressure in the thoracic cavity
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contraction of diaphram occur
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all portal system in the numn circulatory system bein and end in
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capillary
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contraction of diaphram=inc thoracic cavity
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which dec intrapleural pressure causing the lung t expand and fill with air untill the pressure in the lung and the pressure in the intrapleural space have been equalized (inhalation)
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dec intrapleural pressure causing the lung t expand and fill with air untill the pressure in the lung and the pressure in the intrapleural space have been equalized
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inhalation
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steps in menstral cycle
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ovulation
follicular phase luteal phase menstratio |
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follicular phase
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FSH develop ovaran follicle
ovarian follical secrete estrogen (build up endometraium) which shuts of FSH thru negative feedback. inc in estrogen cause surge in LH |
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FSH develop ovaran follicle
ovarian follical secrete estrogen (build up endometraium) which shuts of FSH thru negative feedback. inc in estrogen cause surge in LH |
follicular phase
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luteal phase
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LH develop ruptured follicle into corpus leutum
Corpus leutm secete estrogen and progestron progestrn cause endometrium mature |
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arteries deliver blood to () in the SI in the (), blood absorb () and ().
from there nutrients rich blood collects into the ()vein which drain into the (). within the liver, hepatic portal vein branches into a widespread capillary bed where material transported by blood is modified and blood is detoxified. blood livg the liver retuns directly o te heart va inferior vena cava |
villi capillary
villi carbohydrate and a.a hepatic portal vein liver |
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stimulates both the secretion of pancreatic enzyme and the release of bile from gall bladder
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cholescystokinin
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cholescystokinin is secreceted into bloodstream by the () in response to the presence of () in S.I
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duodenum
chyme |
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fat are absorbed by () in the villi(S.I) while carbo and proteins are absorbed by the () in the vili
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lacteal (lymph capillary)
blood capillary |
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in the proximal tubule of nephron, glucose is absorbed from the filterate back into the blood. what type of transport in the proximal tubules use?
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active transport (L->H)
low glucose in nephron than the blood |
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high level of estrogen and progestron inhibit?
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secretion of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from hypotalamus
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dorsal
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back side of organsim
in human spina cord is dorsal to the liver |
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ventural
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stomach surface of organim
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superior
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direction of head
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inferior
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direction of hind end
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sperms are produced in
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seminiferous tubules in testes
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seminiferous tubules
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produce sperm located in testes
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glands produce seminal fluid
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seminal vesicles and prostae
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where sperm acquire motility, mature and stored until ejeculation
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epidimis
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mital (bicuspid) valve
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btw left atrium and left ventricle
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tricuspid valve
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btw right atrium and right ventricle
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pulmonary valve
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btw right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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aortic valve
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btw left ventricle and aorta
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pulmonary valve
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btw right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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aortic valve
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btw left ventricle and aorta
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in peripheral nerve sys myelin sheet made of ?
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schwann cell
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in central nerve sys myelin is produced by ?
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oligodendrocyte
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inc rate of nerve impulse conduction
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myelin sheet
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lymphatic system involves w/ body's immunity lymph nodes, which are swelling along the lymp vesseles contain () that filter bacteria and other contaminants from the lymphatic fluid
nodes are also the site of formation of certain () |
phagocytic cell
white blood cell |
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lymph vessel have () to prevent back flow
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velve
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lymph flow is regulated by contraction of () as well as rhythmic contraction ofthe vessel them selves
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skeletal muscle
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lymph system do not contain
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arteries
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the interstitial cells of testes produce () and other male androgen
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testastron
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prostate gland, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands
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located alog reproductive track
produce seminal fluid |
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sertoli cell ?
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nurish sperm cell
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spermatid
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immature cell
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in a pragnent woman, the blood with the higest concentration of O2 is found in?
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pulmonary vein
pragnent woman is irrelevent in all human, the highest level of blood oxygenation found in pulmonary vein |
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pulmonary vein is () oxygenated than aorta
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more
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what is induction?
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initiation of cell differentiation in a developing embryo due to the influence of other cell
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what is panting?
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it is a cooling mechanism thatevaporates water from respiratory passage
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subcutaneous vasodilation
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cools the body down bymaximizing the amt of blood comes in contact with the skin where it loses heat rapidly
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what is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nerve sys
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acetylcholine
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salivary gland
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secrete saliva, saliva amylase into mouth
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mammary gland
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secrete milk
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salivary and mammary gland are?
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excrine gland
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by the time filterat exit nephron most of water has been reabsorbed, remaining fluid composed of urea, uric acid and other waste leaves the collecting tubules and exit te kidney via () leading to the bladder
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ureter duck
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a population of white wing butterflies developed black wing 20 years after an oil refinery had been constructed near by this is example of ?
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directional selection
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what kind of selection?
extreme new phenotye that will donminate? |
directional selection
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what kind of selection?
maintain well adapted unform character pop by eliminate deviation from norm |
stablizing select
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what kind of selection?
favoring two pheotype spliting the population facors variants of both phenotypic extreme over the intermediate leading to the exist of two or more polymorphic form w/i population |
disruptive population
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blood is classified as?
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connective tissue
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bone, cartiage, tendon, ligaments, adipose tissue and blood
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they are specialized connective tissue
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during first trimester of pregnancy te corpus luteum is preserved by () which is a hormone produced by blastocyst and developing placenta
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human choronic gnadotropin (HCG)
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corpus lutum secretes?
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estrogen and progestron
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high level of estrogen and progestron inhibit?
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release of FsH and LH
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blood by pass the fetal liver by way of a shunt called?
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ductus venosus
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shunt blood away from fetal lungs to the aorta
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ductus areriosus
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shunt that allows blood to go directly from righ atrium to left atrium diverting blood away from pulmonary artery
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foraman ovales
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division of S.I
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duodenum, jejumum, ileum
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division of L.I
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colon, caecum and rectum
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epidermis of skin arise from?
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ectoderm
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dermis of skin arise from?
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mesoderm
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organ lining(dig track), digestive gland, pancreas, liver and lung
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endoderm
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epidermis and nerve system
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ectoderm
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musulokeletal sys, cirulatory, excretory, reproductive, connective tissue
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mesoderm
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small cartilge that covers the glottis during swallowing.
it prevent fod particle going down the treachea |
epiglottis
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opening through which inhaled air enters the treachea
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glottis
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spinter btw stomach and S.I
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pyloric spinter
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spinter btw esophagus and stomach
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esophagus spinter
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a heart beat is initiated by the pacemaker which is
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also known as the sinoatrial node
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it is responsible for initiating and controlling cardiac contraction.
it is located in the wall of the right atrium |
sinoatrial node aka pacemaker
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pacemaker (sinoatrial node) is located?
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in the wall of te right atrium
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node that serve as an electrical bridge btw atria and ventricles
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atriobentricular node
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in the circulatory sys, () pressure act to drive fluid out of the capillary
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hydrostatic pressure
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circulatory sys, () pressure serve to cause move into the capillary
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osmotic pressure
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a solution contain sucrose, protein, lipids, DNA ad starch. An enzyme x is added to the mixture and left overnight next day all of the original matarials remain but glyceral is also found in the mixture what was the enzyme x?
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lipase
it is the enzyme tat hydrolyze molecule of lipids into glycerol and fatty acids |
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breakdown the DNA into nucleotides
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nuclease
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breakdown the starch into
simple sugar |
amylase
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breakdown the protein into a.a
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protein
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t or f
during prokaryotic protein synthhesis serveral ribosomes may be translating the same mRNA strand at the same time |
true
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control viceral function such as hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood pressure, and temp regulation
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hypothalamus
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control autonomic, homeostatic activities suh as breathing, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity
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medula oblogata
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involved wit sensory, motor, higher brain function
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cerebrum
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influence the body's circadian rhythems
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pineal gland
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the adreanal () produce the mineralocorticoid including aldoestrone whch regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium and thus the toal extracelluar water volume
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adreanal cortex
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adreanal () produc epinephrin
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adreanal medula
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thick filament only
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H zone
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thin filment only
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I band
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thick filament and overlapping of thin filament
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A band
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during contraction, myosin pulls on the actin molecule drawing the thin filaments towards the center of ()
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H zone and shortening sacromere (Z band)
I, H shorten and entire sacromere |
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during contraction, which band shortens?
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H, I, Z (sacromere)
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masculinization of genetic femal would most likely resul from a defect in her?
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adrenal cortex
which secrets small quantities of androgens (male sex hormone) in both male and female. overproduction androgen cause masculiizing effect |
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produced by juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney in response to low valume and low blood pressure
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renin (polypeptde produced)
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() is released from cell in the wall of the afferent arteriole that carries blood into glomerular capillaries at the bowman's capsule
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renin
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membrae bound sac involved in the transport and storage of material
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vesicles
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cardiac muscle is innervated by () which serves only to modulate the heart beat
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automomic sys
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inactive enzyme precursor that is converted into an activeenzyme at or near the site of enzyme activity
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zymogen
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spermatogonium (2N)
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differentiate into spermatocyte (2N)
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primary oocyte
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immature ova and diploid cell
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homologus pair line up along the
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equatorial plane of cell division
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terminal codeon
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uaa uga uag
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how many codons an aa
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64 codons and 20 a.a
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during oxidative phosphorlation e- are pass thru series of electron acceptor an ATP is synthesized by the energy released from these rxn.
all the ep acceptor are () except for first e- acceptor () and last e- acceptor () as result H2O is formed |
cytochrome
1st- flavoprotein (FMN) last- O2 |
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what is by product of phosphorylation
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H2O
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adreanal cortex, kidney, blood vessle, heart form from?
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mesoderm
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enzyme that catalyzes the phospholyation of organic molecule
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kinase
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enzyme that break down protein
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protease
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polysaccharide found in exoskeletons of insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates
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chitin
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which of mendal's law descibe the behavior of genes on nonhomologus chromosome?
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law of independent assortment
the allele on nonhomologus chromosoe seperate independently during meisis(gamtogenesis) |
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the allele on nonhomologus chromosoe seperate independently during meiosis
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law of independent assortment
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there are two allele per trait (one from each parent) and this allele seperate during meiosis
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law of segregation
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one mole of glucose is how many mole of pyruvate and acetyl coa?
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2 mole
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neuron and epidermis?
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ectoderm
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adrenal cortex form from?
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mesoderm
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one can distinguish btw bacterium and virus by?
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presence of ribosome in the bacteria.
virus do not contain ribosome or any other orgnelle |
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whifch tissue involved w/ the perception processing and storage of information?
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nervous tissue
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which tissue involved in body support and other fuctio
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connective tissue
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which tissue found only in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
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muscle tissue which has great contactile capability and is involved in body movement
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which tissue covers the surface of the body and line the cavities, protecting them against injury, invasion, and desiccation
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epithelial tissue
epidermis is classified as epithelial tissue |
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t/f
neither aerobic nor anaerobic respiration utilize CO2 as a raw material |
true
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which process use glucose and oxygen as raw material?
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aerobic
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which process use glucose as raw material
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anaerobic
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which process utilize CO2 along with water and energy as a raw material in glucose catabolism?
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photosynthesis
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mito possess their own ?
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DNA and ribosome
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mito believed to be early
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prokaryotic cellthat evolved a symbiotic relaton with ancestors of eukaryotic cell
(endosymbiotc hypothesis) |
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the condition that contribute to genetic stability in population are ?
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large pop
radom mating no migration no mutation no genetic draft |
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what is plant's glycogen?
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starch
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synthesize glycogen
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glycogeneisis
|
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glycogen?
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repeating unit of glucose
in liver highly branched only in animal |
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the source of oxygen given off in photosymthesis is
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water
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water split up into H ion and O2 gas molecule which are then give off as waste
duing which rxn? |
light exn
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erythrobastosis fetalis btw?
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Rh- mother
Rh+ fetus |
