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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emergen properties |
Novel properties emerge at each level that are absent from the preceding level. *Example: a box of a disassembled bicycle does not have the same transportation "properties" or ability as an assembled bicycle. |
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Waters emergent properties |
Water has 4 emergent properties: 1. Cohesion and adhesion (capillary action) 2. High specific heat 3. Expands when frozen 4. Great solvent |
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Electronegativity |
The attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. |
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Ionic bond |
A bond formed by any two ions of opposite charge. |
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Hydrogen bond |
Attraction between partial charges. |
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Van der Waals force |
Attraction between transient partial charges due to asymmetric distribution of electrons. *Can occur even in molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds. |
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pH |
The negative log (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration. |
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pH buffer |
A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H^+ and OH^- in a solution. *Most buffers are weak acids with their conjugate base. |
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Carbohydrate |
-Mono-disaccharides (simple sugars), polysaccharides (complex carbs). -Energy storage, cell structure, protein trafficking. -Most 5- and 6- carbon sugars form a ring structure in water. |
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Lipid |
-Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids. -Energy storage, cell structure, cell signaling. |
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Glycerol |
An alcohol; each of its three carbons bears a hydroxyl group. |
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Fatty acid |
Has a long carbon skeleton, usually 16 or 18 carbons in length. The carbon at one end of the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group. |
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Phospholipid |
-Similar to a fat molecule but has only 2 fatty acid tails attached to glycerol. -Essential part of the cell membrane. -Hydrophilic (polar) head (glycerol + phosphate group + choline) -Hydrophobic (nonpolar) tail (fatty acids, hydrocarbon) |
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Protein |
-Made of one or more polypeptides (amino acids). -Enzymes, cell structure. |
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Amino acid |
-An organic molecule with both an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH). -Differentiated by their side chains (R-groups). -20 different aa's used by all living things. |
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Peptide bond |
How amino acids link up, bond formed through a dehydration reaction. |
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Enzymes |
Most are proteins, act as catalysts to lower the activation energy of chemical reactions. |
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Active site |
The slot/groove where an enzyme can bind to its target molecule. |
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Catalysis |
The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst. |
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Nucleotide |
A monomer composed of of a 5-carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate group. |
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Nucleic acid |
-A polynucleotide, composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone with variable appendages, the nitrogenous bases (AGCT for DNA and AGCU for RNA). -Stores genetic info |
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Cell theory |
1) The cell is the most basic unit of life. 2) All living things are made of cells. 3) All cells come from preexisting cells. |
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Organelle |
Membrane bound structures that serve a particular purpose within a eukaryotic cell.
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Vesicle |
-A bubble-like bud made of membrane (i.e. ER membrane). -Can be used to transport materials within the cell. -Can be used to dispel or receive materials. |
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Cytoskeleton |
-Structural proteins -Microtubules (cell shape, mobility, vesicular trafficking, organelle movement) -Actin filaments (cell shape, mobility, muscle contraction, amoeboid movement). |
