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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
atoms
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elements of life, have a nucleus, protons/elections (atomic weight of 1, electrons
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atomic weight
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protons + nuetrons
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elements of life
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big 4- H C N O
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molecules
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compounds formed by interactions between complete/incomplete shells
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inert
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full shells
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chemical bonding
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occurs between reactive atoms
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ionic bonding
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type of chemical bonding- ions are atoms that have lost/gained electrons (now either pos or neg)
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covalent bonding
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type of chemical bonding- sharing electrons (bond of biological molecules)
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polar vs nonpolar
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covalent bonding
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free radicals
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molecules with one or more unpaired electrons in outer shell
cancer, alzheimers |
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antioxidants
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neutralized free radicals (vitamins C and E)
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hydrogen bond
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type of chemical bond- partial changes on different parts of water molecules, produce weak attractive forces
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water
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interacts with other molecules, tends to stick together, supports acids bases or neutral conditions, moderates temp change, forms ice
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carbon
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can be organic (H) or inorganic (no H)
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functional groups
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attach to carbon backbone (glucose)
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monomers
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an organic molecule unto itself (glucose), covalently bond to other monomers to form polymers
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polymers
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made up of monomers
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amino acids
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made up of protein
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nucleotides
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made up of nucleic acid (dna rna)
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ose
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sugar
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dehydration synthesis
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monomer to monomer
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hydrolisys
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breaking down monomer bonds
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biological molecules
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carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
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carbs
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made up of C-H-O in 1-2-1 forms, primary use= energy
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monosaccharides
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carb- monomer- small simple sugar (glucose)
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disaccharide
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carb- small double sugar (sucrose)
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polysaccharde
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carb- no sugar but made up of glusoce (starch, chitin, cellulose, glycogen)
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lipids
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insoluble in water, energy storage molecules with water proof coverings on plants
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fats
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lipids- oils, waxes; energy and protection
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saturated fats
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solid at room temp, possess as many H atoms as possible
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unsaturated fats
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oil at room temp; dont posses as many H atoms
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transfat
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been shown to increase bad LDL cholesterol and lower good HDL cholesterol
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waxes
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chemically similar to fats, highly saturated but not digestible by most animals, form water proof covering, used for beehives
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phospholipids
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primary molecule of cellular membranes
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steriods
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consist of 4 carbon rings fused together, various functional groups attached to rings
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cholesterol
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cell membranes, liver bile, hormones, sex steroids (estrogen, testosterone)
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proteins
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diverse in structure, formed from 3 or more amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis, 3+ polypeptides
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covalent bond
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peptide (chain <=50)
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polypeptide
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amino acid (chain >=50)
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protein structure
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exact type, position, and number of amino acids determine the structure and biological function of the protein (up to 4 levels of structure)
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primary protein structure
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amino acid sequence
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secondary protein structure
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helix and/or pleated
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tertiary protein structure
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folded secondary
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quaternary protein structure
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likes 2+ tertiary
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nucleic acid
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3 part structure- phosphate, base, deoxyribose nucleotide
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polynucleotides
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long chains of similar BUT NOT IDENTICAL monomers
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deoxyribose nucleotide
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phosphate, deoxyribose, 4 bases (adenine, thymine, gaunine, cytosine)
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polynucleotides
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2 chains linked at bases by hydrogen bonds, genetic code to make proteins
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ribose nucleotides
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monomers- contain ribose (4 bases- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil) single chain= rna
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cell membrane
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surrounds a cell, double layer of phospholipids, protein, cholesterol
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phospholipids
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basic building block of membranes
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hydrophilic
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head of phosphlipid
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hydrophobic
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end of phospholipid (tails together form a phospholipid bilayer
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phospholipid bilayer
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fluid
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proteins
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gate keepers, communicaters, chemically pass signals through membrane, act as cell ID tags
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transport proteins
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moves items in and out of cell (channel, carrier)
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receptor proteins
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when triggered, cause an action (specific responses when molecules in extra cellular fluid attach to them- chemical signal)
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recognition proteins
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call id tags, glycoproteins = protein + attached carbohydrate
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cholestrol
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stronger membrane, more flexible, but less fluid- plasma membranes are specifically permeable
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fluid
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liquid, gases
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gradient
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difference in a property between 2 adjoining regions (temp, pressure)
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concentration
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number of molecules in a fluid in a given unit of volume
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concentration gradient
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difference in concentrations between adjacent regions
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diffusion
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movement of molecules from high to low
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passive transport
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no energy is required, moves a substance from high to low
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energy transport
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energy is required
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diffusion
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simple and facilitated
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osmosis
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no energy required, diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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active transport
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energy trans- moves ions against gradient
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endocytosis
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energy trans- pinocytosis (cells drinking), receptor (selective eating), phagocytosis (cells eating)
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exocytosis
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ejections of particles from cells
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cell support
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cell walls
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cells communicate
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by gap junctions and plasmadesmata
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molecular components
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amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, RNA DNA water, ribosomes
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plasma membrane
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used for cell communication, regulating in and out, separating environments
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prokaryote
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small specialized surfaces, cytoplasm, no orgnanelles, ribosomes, no true nucleus
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eukaryotes
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larger, usually just a plasma membrane, cytoplasm has organelles/cytoskeleton, has a nucleus (strand chromosome)
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animal
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no cell walls, no central vacuole, no chloroplasts, centrioles
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plant
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cell walls, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata, no cetriole
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cell
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factory
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nucleous
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management and control center
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membrane system
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nuclear envelope, ER, golgi body, lysosomes, plasma membrane
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ERr
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ribosomes on surface, make proteins
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ERs
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embedded enzymes make lipids, detox
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golgi
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read id tags, let in and out, modify some molecules, repackages proteins and lipids
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vesicles
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transport cargo to golgi
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lysosomes
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formed by golgi, cells digestive system
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vaculous
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water regulation, support, storage
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mitochondria
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double membrane, extracts energy in glucose and other food- stores in ATP
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chloroplast
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double membrane, found in plants and some protists, sites of photosynthesis
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cytoskeleton
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protein fibers, provide cell shape, support, cell movement, organelle movement, cell diffusion
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plastids
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specialized double membrane organelles, primary storage containers (starch/pigments)
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energy
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kinetic, potential
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chemical reactions can be
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exergonic or endergonic
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exergonic
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reactants-> energy released, products
(Provide energy for endergonic) |
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endergonic
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energy released, reactants-> products
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ATP
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an energy carrier molecule
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electrons
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energy carrier
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enzymes
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work by lowering the energy it takes to start a chemical reaction, each has a unique protein structure
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catalyst
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substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
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biological catalyst
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synthesized by a living organism, usually a protein
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metabolism
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regulated by regulating when enzymes are made, making sure some enzymes are an inactive form first, enzymes working in an optimum environment,
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metabolism
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flow must be timely and at a proper rate so the final product is not too much/too little
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enzyme
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active site's distinctive shape ONLY matches the substrate
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enzymes
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work best at an optimum pH, temp and salt level, if not optimum, the active site changes shape and substrate may no longer fit
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inhibitition
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alls the product of enzymes to be available
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allosteric inhibition
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active site shape changed
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competitive inhibition
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active site blocked
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life
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3.8 billion years ago
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evolution proof
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fossils, darwin's principle of natural selection, gene mutation
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pre darwin years
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theology based- all organisms created through God, unchanged from moment of creation
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1700s
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old testament 4-6,000 years, Aristotle
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1800s
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found huge number of species, maybe common ancestor?
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fossils
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showed life had changed over time, different layers=different forms, some extinct
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george cuvier
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catastrophism
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georges louis leclere
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conceived by nature, not accept
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hutton and lyell
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gradualism, no mechanism
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old concepts
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spontaneous generation (maggots in meat)
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chemical evolution
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gave rise to progressively more complex molecule which eventually gave rise to living organisms (no proof)
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4 stage life process
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organic monomers were formed spontaneously in prebiotic conditions
organic monomers spontaneously formed polymers of life before life |
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1980s
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discovered RNA molecule acts as an enzyme
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lab generated pre-cells
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shown the ability to display metabolism
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systematics
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science of reconstructing phylogeny
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phylogeny
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study of life/evolutionary history
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taxonomy
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identification, naming, and classification of species
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linnaeus 1700s
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2 part name given to species- genus + species (homo sapian)
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hierarchical classification
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classifying species into increasingly broader groups
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earliest organisms
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monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
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domain
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DNA makes group- bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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ernst mayer
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biological species concept
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biological species concept
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groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproducing isolated from other such groups= not same species, cant reproduce
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reproductive isolation
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members of one population can not interbreed with another population
cannot define asexual organisms, how do we know 2 different groups did not interbreed? |
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premating
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occupy different habitats, physically seperated, breed at different times
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postmating
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sperm not capable of fertilizing egg, offspring not equipped to survive
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speciation
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process by which new species form
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genetic divergence of populations
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can no longer interbreed and produce VIABLE offspring
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isolation of populations
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geographic barriers/ecological difference- no interbreeding
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adaptive radiation
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form of sympatric speciation- when populations of one or more species invade a variety of new habitats and evolve into new species in response to differing environmental pressures
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animal diveristy
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no single characteristic defines an animal, multicellular, cell wall lackage, motile
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chordates
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notochord, nerve cord, post anal tail, gill slits (vertebrates or invertebrates)
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vertibrates
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classes, a, c, r, o, a, a, m
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bad guy virus
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pathogen
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viruses
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not alive, cannot reproduce on their own
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problem with viruses
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constantly mutating, produce new genes
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tobacco mosaic virus
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precipitated as crystal therefore the virus is a chemical in nature
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plant virus
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enters plant cells via rips, no cures, can breed some that are genetically resistant to viruses
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bacteriophage
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only invade bacteria
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bacteriophage life cycles
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lytic, lysogenic
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lytic
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uses cells as host to reproduce
cause death |
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lysogenetic
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hides in host cell until stresses then reproduces
cause death |
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animal viruses
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associated by cell
nerve- polio, liver- hep, brain- rabies |
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AIDS
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disorder that destroys a body's ability to protect itself
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AIDS
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retrovirus
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Flu
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3 types- humans, birds, mammals for Type A BAD
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flu
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Type B/C- mild humans
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flu
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caused by different surface proteins
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cell entry
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hemaglutinin
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cell wall destroyer
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neutramindase
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viriods
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non-living infectious agent
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viriods
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uses cellular enzymes to replicate
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viriods
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affects only plants
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bacteria
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13-15 kingdoms
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archaea
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3 kingdoms
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prokaryote
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more in mouth than all people that ever lived, 2 domains- bacteria and archaea
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archaea
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most are extremophiles- halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens
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prokaryote
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single celled, lacks organelles, no true nucleus, most have cell walls, 50% have flagellum
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coccus
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spherical- staphylococci, streptococci, sore throats
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bacillus
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rod- decomposers, antibiotics
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spirochetes
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spiral/corkscrew- syphilis/lyme disease
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endospore
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cell within a cell, normally dehydrated, survives
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flagella
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locomotions, one at both ends or just one
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virus reproduction
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binary fission (asexual), produces a clone, one every 20 min
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autotroph
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gets carbon via CO2 (earths atmosphere)
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heterotroph
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gets carbon from an organic compound (sugar)
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chemotroph
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get energy from chemicals in the environment (all poisonous to us)
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nutritional classifications
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photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs
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prokaryotes
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help digest cellulose, produces cheeses, yogurts, make vitamins K and B12
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pathogenic bacteria
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exotoxins, endotoxins
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exotoxins
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poisons secreted by bacterial cells (tetanus)
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endotoxins
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chemical components of cell walls (salmonella)
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protists
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the first eukaryotes, single/multicelled, form colonies
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protist characteristics
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organelles, nucleus, strand of DNA
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protist reproduction
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asexual miotic cell division (clone), some sexual reproduction (embryo never forms)
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3 modes of nutrition
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photosynthesis, ingestion, absorption
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protozoans
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4 major groups
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flagellates
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move bu 1+ flagellum (african sleeping sickness)
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cilliates
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move/feed using cilia (paramecium)
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apricomplexans
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parasites that enter a host's RBC via apex mechanism (malaria)
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slime molds
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decomposers
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plasmodial
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single cell with many nuclei
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cellular
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sing cell colony
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unicellular algea
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photosynthetic- dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae, seaweeds (agar)
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vascular tissue
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developed for water transportation and nutrients
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cuticle/cork layer
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retards water loss
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plant reproduction
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reproduces sexually through spores
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seedless, no vascular
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no true leaves, water based, diffusion for water/nutrients, water required for reproduction, moss
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seedless, vascular
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land based, sporophyte is predominant, water required for reproduction, ferns
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naked seed, vascular
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gymnosperms, no flowers, no fruit, seeds and pollen help plants spread, conifers (pine cones)
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covered seed, vascular
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angiosperms, flowers, fruit, broad leaves, roots, shoots
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angiosperm
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flowering plant
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monocot
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lillies, grasses, palms, orchids
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dicot
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bushes, trees, garden flowers
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fungi
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receive energy directly from partner (lichens)
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fungi
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absorb nutrition- food is digested/processed outside of fungal cells and absorbed through cell wall
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heterotrophs
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cannot make food on their own
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fungi
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live in food source or go dormant in low humidity
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hyphae
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long tubes fungi have
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fungi are responsible for
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high plant productivity, decomposing wood/organic matter, penicillin/other medications
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myocorrhizae
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symbiotic association between plant roots and fungus
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dicot
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bushes, trees, garden flowers
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fungi
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receive energy directly from partner (lichens)
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fungi
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absorb nutrition- food is digested/processed outside of fungal cells and absorbed through cell wall
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heterotrophs
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cannot make food on their own
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fungi
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live in food source or go dormant in low humidity
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hyphae
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long tubes fungi have
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fungi are responsible for
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high plant productivity, decomposing wood/organic matter, penicillin/other medications
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myocorrhizae
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symbiotic association between plant roots and fungus
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