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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Key Features of the Lab |
Fire Extinguisher Eye Wash Shower Non-hazardous Waste Biohazardous Waste Glass Sharps Disposal |
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Compound Light Microscope |
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Blank Compound Light Microscope |
1. Ocular Lens 2. Head 3. Arm 4. Course Adjustment Knob 5. Fine Adjustment Knob 6. Light Control 7. Base 8. Substrate light 9. Mechanical Stage Control 10. Iris Diaphragm Lever 11. Condenser 12. Stage 13. Mechanical Stage 14. Objective Lenses 15. Revolving Nosepiece |
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The Stereoscopic Microscope |
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Making a Wet Mount |
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Blank Stereoscopic Microscope |
1. Eyepieces with Ocular Lenses 2. Magnification Control Knob 3. Head 4. Focus Adjustment Knob 5. Mirror 6. Stage 7. Objective Lens |
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Kingdom Monera Bacteria |
Tiny, single-celled prokaryotic organisms
•Very versatile •Autotrophic or heterotrophic •Reproduce asexually by binary fission – one cell duplicates and divides into two cells identical to the parent cell •Individual bacterium microscopic, but colonies are visible to the naked eye |
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Bacteria Structure |
Prokaryotic
lacks a nucleus &other membrane-bound organelles •Possess a nucleoid that contains genetic info •Genome consists of a single, large, circular DNA molecule •Outer membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasmic inner plasma membrane •Cell wall maintains shape of cell, protects, prevents bursting •Cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan (large carb-protein polymer) |
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Bacterial Colony |
An aggregation of daughter cells you can see with the naked eye
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Cocci Bacilli Spirillia |
Spheres- spherical shaped bacteria Rods- rod shaped bacteria Spirals- spiral shaped bacteria |
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Cyanobacteria |
Known as blue/green algae (but it's not algae!) Aquaticphotosynthesizers Oneof the largest groups in Kingdom Monera Canoccur as a single cell or as a colony Genus: Anabaena and Oscillatoria |
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Heterocyst |
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Kingdom Protista |
What is the exception? Brown, red and green algae! Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta,and Chlorophyta•Verydiverse group of organisms •Inhabitevery environment on Earth |
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Nutrition |
Heterotrophs: •protists ingest food by phagocytosis (ex.protozoa) Autotrophic: •protists sustain themselves using photosynthesis (ex.algae) Mixotrophic: •refers to a combination of methods usedto obtain nutrients |
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Classifying Protists |
Movement:
•Flagella and cilia are appendages consisting of 9 outerdoublet microtubules and a pair of microtubules in the center •What’sthe difference between the two?•Length! •Pseudopodia: cytoplasmic extensions |
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Structure of Cilia and Flagella |
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Degree of Organization |
Unicellular Filamentous Multi-nucleated Multicellular Colonial |
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Phylum Rhizopoda |
Free living "Naked" Amoebas |
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Phylum Actinopoda |
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Phylum Rhizopoda |
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Phylum Foraminifera |
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Phylum Actinopoda |
•contain internal shell composedof silicon dioxide; pseudopodia referred to as axopodiaand extend through pores in the test •Radiolarians: marine organisms with fused shells |
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Phylum Foraminifera |
•contain calcium carbonate testsand long spines to improve buoyancy •Forams: found in warm tropical waters andreside on the ocean floor |
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Phylum Kinetoplastida |
•flagellatedunicellular organisms containing a mitochondrion-kinetoplastcomplex containing extra DNA not housed in the nucleus
•Allows T. brucei tocause African sleeping sickness |
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Phylum Oomycota |
•includeswater molds (freshwater decomposers) and white rusts/downy mildews (parasiteson terrestrial plants)
•Move using two flagella, no chloroplasts |
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Phylum Oomycota |
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Phylum Kinetoplastida
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Phylum Ciliophora |
•Ciliacover entire body and/or cytostome
•Containone macronucleus (DNA & RNA synthesis, asexual reproduction) and 1+micronuclei (DNA synthesis, genetic variation) •Trichocyst:long thread-like structure |
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Phylum Ciliophora
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Phylum Apicomplexa |
Parasitic,spread from one host to another as sporozoites and have no true means oflocomotion
•Causesmalaria, which is transferred by mosquitos •Livesin the liver and blood cells of its host, can change surface proteins to trickimmune system•Merozoitesare produced asexually and burst RBCs, reducing hosts RBC levels |
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Phylum Apicomplexa |
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Slime Molds |
•Similarto fungi, absorb nutrients from decomposing stuff
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Phylum Acrasiomycota |
•cellularslime molds that live as individual cells during vegetative stage
•Onlyaggregate when there is no food |
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Phylum Myxomycota |
•calleda plasmodium when it is a multi-nucleated mass
•Vegetativestage: feeding •Reproductivestage: no more food |
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Phylum Acrasiomycota
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Phylum Myxomycota
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Phylum Euglenophyta |
•containsstorage molecule called paramylonand a flagellum
•Mixotrophic,free-living organisms •Has an eyespot to help locate light |
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Phylum Dinoflagelleta Phylum Pyrrophyta |
•largerange of lifestyles, contain internal cellulose plates for protection
•Responsible for red tides |
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Phylum Chrysophyta |
Diatoms Silica shells consisting of two halves with pores for gas exchange•Two body forms: pennate and centric Golden-BrownAlgae - Chlorophyll A&C plus other pigments - Cell wall (if present) cellulose orpectin |
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Phylum Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellata) |
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Phylum Euglenophyta |
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Phylum Chrysophyta Diatoms Golden-Brown Algae |
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Phylum Phaeophyta |
Brown Algae •Fucoxanthinpigment gives color •Thallus:seaweed body •Holdfast:root-like anchor •Stipe:stem-like structure •Blades:leaf-like parts •Algin isa multi-purpose polysaccharide extract •Examples:Laminaria,Fucus, Sargassum |
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Phylum Rhodophyta |
Red Algae •Phycocyaninandphycoerythrinaccessorypigments give reddish color•Twocompounds in cell wall: •Agar: culturing bacteria •Carrageenan: commonly found intoothpaste, ice cream •Example:Agardhiella |
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Phylum Chlorophyta |
Green Algae •Cholorphyllb asaccessory pigment •Landplants and green algae are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor•Differentlevels of complexity •Examples:Volvox, Hydrodictyon, Ulva |
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Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) |
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Phylum Rhodophyta
(Red Algae) |
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Phylum Chlorophyta
(Green Algae) |
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Fungi |
Eukaryotic
Relatedmore to animals than plants Prefermoist, dark environment Heterotrophic Absorption using exoenzymesto breakdown food outside of the body Cellwall composed of chitin Complex carbohydrate |
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Fungi Structure |
Mostare multicellular
Exception to the rule?Yeast! Composedof hyphae,or threadlike filamentsException to the rule? Yeast AGAIN! Hyphaecombine into a network (mycelium)that forms body of the fungus |
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Saprobes |
Decompose dead organic matter intosimple nutrients
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Symbiotic Mycorrhizae Lichens |
Either parasitic or mutualisticpartners
Fungiand plant roots Fungushyphae on plant’s roots increases surface area and helps absorb minerals andwater Plantshares photosynthetic nutrients Fungiin a symbiotic relationship with algae or cyanobacteria Fungusprovides environment for the algae/cyanobacteria Algae/cyanobacteriaprovide photosynthetic nutrients |
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Reproductions in Fungi |
Sporesproduced either asexually (mitosis) or sexually (meiosis)
Adultfungi generally haploid Diploidstage results when gametes of two different sexes combine to form a diploidzygotehares photosynthetic nutrients |
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Fungi Life Cycle |
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Foliose |
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Fruticose |
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Crustose |
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Mycota |
Belonging to the kingdom fungi |
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Phylum Zygomycota |
Zygote Fungi Saprobes(Zygo) Sporangia:produce haploid (zygo) sporesvia meiosis |
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Phylum Ascomycota |
Sac Fungi Saprobicand parasiticMosthave a cup or sac-like appearance Asci: produce haploid (asco)sporesvia meiosisConidiophores: produce haploidconidia/spores via mitosis |
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Phylum Basidiomycota |
Club Fungi Largephylum of well-known species with a club shape Portabella mushrooms, toadstools, fairyrings, puffballs, shelf Causediseases like wheat rust and corn smutStipe:stalk or stem Pileus: capon top Gillsunderneath contain basidia that produce (basidio)spores via meiosis |
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Phylum Deuteromycota |
Imperfect Fungi Not agroup based on shape or structure“Imperfect”= Only reproduce asexually Causesmany diseases in humansAthlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infectionCausesdisease in fruit – citrus mold |
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Phylum Zygomycota Rhizopus "Black Bread Mold" Has fuzzy appearance |
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Phylum Zygomycota Genus: Pilobolus Coprophilous or dung-loving "Shot-gun fungus" Phototropic |
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Penicillium: Paintbrush |
Importantin production of food and pharmaceuticals
Onespecies produces penicillinOthersused to make cheese |
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Penicillium |
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Phylum Ascomycota
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Phylum Basidiomycota
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Phylum Deuteromycota |
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Lower Plants |
•Growlower to the ground
•Allowsfor maximum contact with moist soils•Relyon osmosis, diffusion, capillary action etc. to absorb and move water from theenvironment to their cells •Older,more basal or primitive plants •Donot contain seeds or flowers found in common plant species |
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Alternation of Generations (1) |
•Basiclife cycle of plants, two different life stages•Gametophyte(gamete-producing)
•Sporophyte(spore-producing) •Dominance:one of these generations is more obvious, independent and photosynthetic•Lowerplants: gametophyte•Derivedplants: sporophyte |
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Alternation of Generations (2) |
•Gametophytegeneration:
•Gametesproduced in structures called gametangia,protective function against desiccationofgametes •Antheridia:male, sperm-producing •Archegonia:female, egg-producing •Wheneggs are fertilized by sperm, become diploid zygotes and grow into youngdiploid sporophytes •Sporophytegeneration: •Haploidspores produced in structures called sporangia •Germinatedspores form new haploid gametophyte plants |
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Life Cycle of Alternation of Generations |
Gametophyte (n)
Producesgametes nparents to ngametes Mitosis Producedin gametangia Sporophyte (2n) Produces spores 2n parents to n spores Meiosis Produced in sporangia As a comparison…. in animals gametes are 2n parents to n gametes by meiosis |
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Transition from algae to land plants |
•Twolineages of land plants diverged from algal ancestors
•Bryophytes– maintained gametophyte dominance •Higherland plants – developed sporophyte dominance*9 |
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Stonewarts Genus: Chara |
•Intermediatestep between green algae and land plants
•Havehigh calcium levels •Differsfrom other green algae: •Sexorgans located at tip of the plant and are multicellular •Flagellatedsperm cells that fertilize eggs within gametangia |
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Stonewarts |
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Specialized Structures Adaptive for Terrestrial Life |
•Awaxy cuticle
•Pores/stomata •Primitivewater and sugar conducting tissues |
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Division Bryophytes Amphibians of the plant world |
•Smallplants that grow in mats
•Onlya descriptive term, not a taxonomic category •Threedifferent Divisions (phyla) represented, including Division Bryophyta(mosses) – don’t get confused! •Lack vascular tissue •Evolvedfrom algae in parallel with vascular plants •Gametophyte generation is dominant•Dependenton water for reproduction, but cannot regulate water balance – can go dormantin drought conditions •Sensitiveto pollution (indicator species) |
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Division Bryophyta Mosses |
•Haverhizoids thatanchor them into the substrate
•Nottrue roots, lack vascular tissue •Sporophytegeneration consists of a capsule-shaped sporangium on a slender stalk (seta)•Short-lived,non-photosynthetic, depends on gametophyte for nutrition •Somespecies of moss (Mnium) aremonoecious –both the antheridia and archegonia present on same plant •Others(Polytrichum) aredioecious –separate male and female gametophytes |
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Division Bryophyta Moss |
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Division Bryophyta Mosses •Phyllids:leaf-like structures that are spirally arranged on stem-like structures called caulids |
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Antheridia |
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Archegonia |
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Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts |
•Thallus isonly a few cells thick•Observepores and air chambers
•Canreproduce asexually •Fragmentationof thallus •Gametangia heldon slender stalks called gametangiophores |
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Division Hepatophyta:Liverworts
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Division Anthocerophyta: Hornworts |
•Gametophytehas flat thallus •Havelong, horn-like sporangium •Meristem(area of active cell division) located in thallus •Havetrue stomata inthe epidermis – different than the pores seen in liverwort |
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Division Anthocerophyta:
Hornworts |
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Seedless Vascular Plants |
•Includesthe club mosses, horsetails, and ferns
•Have truevascular tissue –xylemand phloem•Cangrow larger, produce more gametes and spores •Havetrue roots to absorb water •Conservewater using stomata and a waxy cuticle •Sporophytegeneration (2n) dominates •Gametophytegeneration more inconspicuous |
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Division Lycophyta Club Mosses |
•Canlive in moist habitats, Selaginella alsofound in deserts
•Haveclub or cone-shaped sporangia on stems: strobili (s. strobilus) •Clustersof spore-bearing leaves called sporophylls |
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Division Lycophyta
Club Mosses |
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Division Sphenophyta Horsetails |
•Smallbrown scale-like leaves contain vascular tissue
•Cellwalls contain silica •Containboth vegetative shoots (leaves) and spore-bearing shoots with strobili •Novisible gametangia |
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Division Sphenophyta
Horsetails |
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Division Sphenophyta
Horsetails |
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Division Pterophyta Whisk Ferns |
•Psilotum
•Commonto Florida •Lackstrue roots •Stemsrise from a lateral, underground rhizome•Symbioticrelationship with a fungus |
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Division Pterophyta
Whisk Ferns |
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Division Pterophyta Classic or "True" ferns |
•Trueleaves called fronds (macrophylls)
•Young,curled up fronds called fiddleheads•Growalong underground rhizome (spreadsclones) •Heart-shapedgametophyte(prothallus)also grows in substrate •Darkfuzzy spots on fertile fronds: sori •Clustersof sporangia |
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Division Pterophyta
Classic or "True" ferns |
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Division Pterophyta
Classic or "True" ferns |
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Life Cycle of Alternation of Generations Picture
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Gymnosperms |
•NakedSeeds
•Produce seeds, but no fruit •Woody plants, long life cycles •Characteristicsfor success on land: –Small gametophytes: •Multinucleated pollen (male); Femaleremains in ovule of sporophyte plant •Gametes = resistant to desiccation •Zygote protected = resides withinsporophyte plant –Vascular tissue: •Allows for transportation of water,nutrients, photosynthetic products |
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Angiosperms |
•Flowering plants that produce fruit
•Phloem with sieve-tube members –Efficienttransport of photosynthetic nutrients•Pollinated by wind, insects, birds, bats,etc.–Greatergenetic diversity •Have reduced gametes –Male- pollen grain –Female- embryo sac = provides nutrition for embryo •Endosperm= food storage |
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Gymnosperm Divisions |
Coniferophyta(e.g., conifers, shrubs) Ginkgophyta (e.g., Ginkgobiloba) Onlysurviving species of this division) Cycadophyta (e.g., Cycas,tropicalplants, 3 families) Gnetophyta (e.g., Gnetum,Ephedra,3 families)•Allare wind pollinated •Theyare heterosporous & monoecious –Males produce microspores that arereleased for pollination –Female produce megaspores to ovule housed in sporophyte plant |
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Gymnosperms Life Cycle |
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Ginkgophyta (e.g., Ginkgo biloba)
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Cycadophyta
(e.g., Cycas, tropicalplants, 3 families) |
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Gnetophyta (e.g., Gnetum,Ephedra,3 families) |
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Coniferophyta(e.g., conifers, shrubs) |
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Strobili
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cone-shaped sporangia
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Microstrobilus -Malecone -producesmicrospores that develop into pollen |
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Megastrobilus -Femalecone -producesmegaspores which develop into the ovule (later become a seed) |
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Angiosperms |
•Unique Adaptations: –Carpel= encloses the ovule àmatures into fruit –Doublefertilization àsperm fuses with egg, other sperm fuses with 2 polar cells à endosperm –Flowers •Femaleand male reproductive structures which are surrounded by perianth(leaf-like) •Protectgametes •Ensurefertilization –Attractpollinators (genetic diversity) |
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Angiosperms
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Parts of a plant |
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Plant Diaphragm |
1. Pollen 2. Anther 3. Filament 4. Stamen 5. Sepal 6. Receptacle 7. Stem 8. Ovule 9. Ovary 10. Style 11. Stigma 12. Carpel 13. Petal |
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Plant Tissues |
•Dermal tissue/epidermis: in contact withenvironment and offer protection, 1 cell thick –Specializedcells: guard cells, stomata, root hairs •Ground tissue –Parenchyma:support/storage –Sclerenchyma:support –Collenchyma:support •Vascular tissue –Xylem:H2O & mineral transport –Phloem:photosynthetic product transport •Meristematic Tissue (mitosis for plant growth) –Apicalmeristem: point on root/stem = growth –Secondarymeristem: branches –Vascularcambium: girth |
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Monocot |
Roots: Fibrousroots that branch in different directions Stem: Vascularbundles throughout Leaves: Oneseed leaf; have floral parts in groups of three; Parallelveins |
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Dicot |
Roots: Central tap root that extends straight into the soil Stem: Vascularbundles in a circle Leaves: Twoseed leaves; have floral parts in groups of 4 or 5; Nettedvenation |
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Monocot Stem cross section |
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Dicot stem cross section |
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Differences between Monocot and Dicot (angiosperms) Roots, Stems, and Leaves |
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Monocot Root Cross Section |
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Leaf Structure |
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Dicot Root Cross Section |
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Stomata Structure |
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______ occurs when the mycelia of two different sexes come together and their cytoplasm fuses |
Plasmogamy |
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Define Karyogamy |
When the nuclei of two different organisms fuse |
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Name two things that Penicillium is used for: |
Cheese Antibiotic |
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What Fungi Phylum is not grouped based on their shape or structure but by the fact that they only reproduce sexually? |
Phylum Deuteromycota |
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Lichen have a mutualistic relationship with other fungi. True/False |
True |
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Why are Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular plants referred to as "Lower Plants"? |
Grows closer to the ground •Allowsfor maximum contact with moist soils •Relyon osmosis, diffusion, capillary action etc. to absorb and move water from theenvironment to their cells •Older,more basal or primitive plants •Donot contain seeds or flowers found in common plant species |
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The _____ tissue of a plant is composed of xylem and phloem |
Vascular |
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Define Stomata |
Pore that aids in gas exchange |
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In the sporophyte generation, haploid spores are produced in structures called ______ |
Sporangium |
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In one or two sentences describe the difference between a plasmodial slime mold and a cellular slime mold. |
A Plasmodial slime mold is a mass of cell with many nuclei. (one cell, many nuclei) A Cellular slime mold retains their cell walls and are an aggregate of cells. (multiple distinct cells). |
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Brown, red and green algae are examples of what three groups within Kingdom Protista? |
Phaeophyta Rhodophyta Chlorophyta |
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What group within kingdom Protista is responsible for red tide events? |
Dinoflagellates |
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The compound carrageenan comes from the cell walls of red algae and is often used in toothpaste and ice cream. True/False |
True |
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Malaria, caused by the protist____, finds its home in the ____and blood cells of its host. |
Plasmodium Liver |
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The five degrees of organization for protists are as follows: |
1. Filamentous 2. Multinucleated 3. Multicellular 4. Unicellular 5. Colonial |
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Match the organism to the correct phylum: A. Diatoms B. Volvox C. Naked Amoebas D. Paramecium E. Laminaria |
1. Brown Algae; E 2. Ciliophora; D 3. Rhizopoda; C 4. Bacillariophyta; A 5. Green Algae; B |
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Trypanosoma Brucei is responsible for spreading what disease? What organism does it parasitize in order to spread? |
African Sleeping Sickness Tse Tse Fly |
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Members of Dinoflagellata use a flagellum to move, have eye spots in order to detect light and are mixotrophic. True/False |
False; Phylum Euglenophyta |
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Define Trichocyst |
The sharp blades beneath the surface of a paramecium's membrane that comes out when attached or when food is around. |
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Fungi are composed of threadlike filament known as______ |
Hyphae |
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All fungi are heterotrophic and eukaryotic. True/False |
True; Except yeast (unicellular) |
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Describe the ideal environment for a fungus. |
Dark and damp; but virtually everywhere |
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Define Mycelium |
Body of the fungus |
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What is the name given to the mutualistic association of fungi and plant roots? |
Mycorrhizae |
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What is the scientific name for a water bear? |
Tardigrade |
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When placing a specimen on a compound light microscope, make sure to clean the lenses with a paper towel or Kleenex before examining. True/False |
False; Use lens paper |
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The reason oil is used on the ____x objective lens is to prevent the scattering of ____ |
100 Light |
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What is the magnification of the ocular lenses in our microscopes? What would be the total magnification be when looking through the 40x objective lens? |
10x 400 |
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A _____ microscope is used to view relatively large, thick specimens in three dimensions. |
Stereoscopic |
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The three most common bacterial cell shapes are: |
Cocci- spheres Bacilli- rods Spirillia- spirals |
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Put in order: A. Add 5 drops of safranin, wait 20 seconds, rinse with tap water B. Add 4-5 drops of iodine solution, wait one minute, rinse with tap water C. Add 4-5 drops of crystal violet, wait one minute, rinse with tap water D. Prepare smear E. Add 3-5 drops of decolorizing alcohol solution, rinse immediately |
1. D 2. C 3. B 4. E 5. A |
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Gram-positive bacteria have an outer lipopolysaccharide layer. True/False |
False; Gram-Negative |
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Where is the genetic information found in a prokaryotes? |
Nucleoid |
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______represents one of the largest groups in Kingdom Monera. |
Cyanobacteria |
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Protists have been known to accomplish movement with the help of flagella, cilia and _____ |
Pseudopods |
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Define Mixotrophic |
An organism that can make their own food (autotrophic) and also searches and eats food (heterotrophic). Has a mixture of both characteristics. |