Bio Lab Part 2

Front 1

The tendency of water molecules to stick together.

Back 1

Cohesion

Front 2

The tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances other than water.

Back 2

Adhesión

Front 3

In a _________, two or more molecules swap their atoms to yield different molecules

Back 3

Chemical reaction

Front 4

Chemists depict these reactions as equations with the _______, is starting materials.

Back 4

Reactants

Front 5

________ are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, rather they are simply rearranged.

Back 5

Atoms

Front 6

Scientists describe molecules by writing symbols of their constituent elements. This is termed

Back 6

Molecular formula

Front 7

Compounds that consist primarily of _____ and ______ atoms are said to bad organic.

Back 7

Carbon

Hydrogen

Front 8

All organisms consist largely of the same four types of organic molecules ______.

Back 8

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acid

Lipids

Front 9

The small organic molecules - sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides are called _______.

Back 9

Monomers

Front 10

A molecule that consists of multiple monomers is a _______.

Back 10

Polymer

Front 11

Cells use a chemical reaction called ___________ to link monomers together into polymers.

Back 11

Dehydration synthesis

Front 12

_________ is a chemical reaction that breaks the covalent bonds that link monomers.

Back 12

Hydrolysis

Front 13

Carbohydrates are organic molecules that consist of _________

Back 13

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Front 14

_______ are the simplest of the four main types of organic compounds.

Back 14

Carbohydrates.

Front 15

The two main groups of carbohydrates are ______ and ____\\

Back 15

Simple sugars

Complex carbohydrates

Front 16

The smallest and simplest carbohydrates, the ______, usually contain five or six carbon atoms.

Back 16

Monosaccharides

Front 17

_________ are huge molecules consisting of hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides monomers.

Back 17

Polysaccharide

Front 18

_______ are fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds.

Back 18

Lipids

Front 19

Many lipids incorpore ________ which are small organic molecules that consist of a carbon chain and a carboxyl group

Back 19

Fatty acids

Front 20

________ consist of a glycerol molecule that is attached to thee fatty acid chain.

Back 20

Triglycerides

Front 21

A ______ is a substance that consists mainly of triglycerides.

Back 21

Fat

Front 22

A _________ has two fatty acid tails and a head that contains a phosphate group.

Back 22

Phospholipid

Front 23

A ________ is a chain of monomers called _______

Back 23

Protein

Amino acids

Front 24

One is a hydrogen atom, another is a carboxyl group, third is an ________, and the fourth is a side chain called ______.

Back 24

Amino group

R group

Front 25

Proteins are vulnerable to external conditions that alter their shapes. Heat, excessive salt, or the wrong ph can ______ a protein.

Back 25

Denature

Front 26

A ________is the resulting covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor. Two linked amino acids form a _______, three form a ______

Back 26

Peptide bond

Dipeptide

Tripeptide

Front 27

Long chains of amino acids are ______

Back 27

Polypeptide

Front 28

Each proteins primary structure is encoded in the sequence of a _____. Cells contain two types of nucleic acid, ________

Back 28

Nucleic acid

DNA

RNA

Front 29

______ are small organic molecules that function as energy carriers, enzyme helpers, chemical messages.

Back 29

Nucleotides

Front 30

At the center is a _________ in RNA And deoxyribose in DNA

Back 30

Five carbon sugar

Front 31

Attached to one of the sugars carbon atoms is at least one _______\ and the opposite side of the sugar a _______

Back 31

Phosphate

Nitrogenous Group

Front 32

The cell theory states:

Back 32

Each organism consists of one or more cells

Smallest unit of life

All arise by division of preexisting cells

Contain hereditary material

Front 33

Cell features:

Back 33

Plasma membrane

Cytoplasm

DNA

RNA

Robsome

Cystosol

Front 34

A cells ________ separates it from the external environment.

Back 34

Plasma membrane

Front 35

The plasma membrane enclosed a jelly like mixture of water sugars ions and proteins called

Back 35

Cytoplasm

Front 36

Is the fluid portion of cytoplasm

Back 36

Cytosol

Front 37

Are structures that carry out special metabolic functions inside a cell.

Back 37

Organelles

Front 38

Every cell start out life with

Back 38

Dna

Front 39

The dna of a eukaryotic cell is contained in a ______, an organelle with a double membrane

Back 39

Nucleus

Front 40

All cells also contain ______ which are the structure that manufacture proteins.

Back 40

Ribosomes.

Front 41

Biologists organized life into three domains:

Back 41

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Front 42

All __\__ and _____ are single celled organisms.

Back 42

Bacteria

Archaea

Front 43

Bacteria and archaea are classified as_____

Back 43

Prokaryotes

Front 44

_______ are the most abundant and diverse organisms on earth.

Back 44

Bacteria

Front 45

The _______ is the area where the cells circular dna molecule congregates.

Back 45

Núcleoid

Front 46

Located near the DNA in the cytoplasm are the ________\_ needed to produce the cells proteins.

Back 46

Enzymes

RNA molecules and ribosomes

Front 47

A rigid _____ surrounds the cell membrane of Most bacteria, protecting the cell and preventing it from busting if it absorbs too much water.

Back 47

Cell wall

Front 48

A rigid _____ surrounds the cell membrane of Most bacteria, protecting the cell and preventing it from busting if it absorbs too much water.

Back 48

Cell wall

Front 49

Polysaccharides on the cell wall form a _______that adds protection or enables the cell to attach to surfaces.

Back 49

Capsule

Front 50

______ are tail like appendages that enable these cells to move

Back 50

Flagella

Front 51

_____\ cells like bacteria are smaller than most eukaryotic cells, and they lack a nucleus and other organelles

Back 51

Archaean

Front 52

One obvious feature that sets _____\\ apart is their large size. Typicallly 10 to 100 times greater than ________ cells.

Back 52

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Front 53

The other main difference is that the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell is divided into_______

Back 53

Organelles

Front 54

A cell serves two important functions:

Back 54

It keeps the cells genetic material

A nucleus controls the passage of certain molecules across its membrane.

Front 55

The process of protein production and secretion begins in the ______

Back 55

Nucleus

Front 56

The mRNA molecules exit the nucleus through ______ which are holes in the double membrane ________ that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Back 56

Nucleur pores

Nuclear envelope

Front 57

Small membrane enclosed sacs called ______ form by budding from other organelles.

Back 57

Vesicles

Front 58

The _________ is a network of sacs and tubules composed of membranes.

Back 58

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 59

The ______ is a stack of flat, membrane enclosed sacs that functions as a processing center.

Back 59

Golgi apparatus

Front 60

_______ are organelles that use the process called cellular respiration to extract this needed energy from food.

Back 60

Mitochondria

Front 61

A mitochondrion has two membraine layers:

Back 61

Outer membrane

Inner membrane

Front 62

Are the files of the inner mebrane.

Back 62

Cristae

Front 63

Between the nucleus and plasma membrane of all eukaryotic cells is a system of protein filaments collectively called the

Back 63

Cytoskeleton

Front 64

____ that associates with cytoskeletal elements love cells parts.

Back 64

Motor proteins.

Front 65

Eukaryotic ______ propel sperm and other motile cells through fluid.

Back 65

Flagella

Front 66

Are short hairlike structures that project from the surface of some eukaryotic cells.

Back 66

Cilia

Front 67

Some eukaryotic cells including the amoeba form _____ is false feet.

Back 67

Pseudopods

Front 68

The cell membrane is composed of _____ which are organic molecules that resemble triglycerides

Back 68

Phospholipids

Front 69

_________ maintain the membranes fluidity aa the temperature fluctuates.

Back 69

Steroid molecules.

Front 70

Due to its hydrophobic middle portion, the phospholipid bilateral has ________ meaning that some but not all substances can pass through it.

Back 70

Selective permeability

Front 71

Both animal and plant cell membranes contain steroids; the ___________ is the most familiar example.

Back 71

Cholesterol in animal membranes

Front 72

________ embedded in the phospholipid bilayer create passageways through which ions, glucose, and other polar substances pass into or out of the cell.

Back 72

Transport proteins

Front 73

______ carbohydrates attached to cell surface proteins serve as name that help the body’s immune system recognize its own cells.

Back 73

Recognition protein

Front 74

______ the membrane proteins enable cells to stick to one another

Back 74

Adhesión proteins

Front 75

These membrane proteins trigger a change in the cells activities in response to a stimulus.

Back 75

Receptor proteins

Front 76

A biological membrane is a phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins. This arrangement makes a membrane _______or choosy.

Back 76

Selectively permeable

Front 77

In a ________, a solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region.

Back 77

Concentration gradient

Front 78

In _______, a substance move across a membrane without the direct expenditure or energy.

Back 78

Passive transport

Front 79

All forms of passive transport involve _____, the spontaneous movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated.

Back 79

Diffusion

Front 80

In ______, a substance moves down its concentration gradient without the use of a transport protein.

Back 80

Simple diffusion

Front 81

_____ is the simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Back 81

Osmosis

Front 82

The cells interior is normally ______ to the surrounding blood plasma, which means that the plasmas solute concentration is the same as the inside of the cell.

Back 82

Isotonic

Front 83

In a ______. Surroundings have a higher concentration of solutes then the cells cytoplasm

Back 83

Hypertonic

Front 84

Is a form of passive transport in which a membrane protein assists the movement of a polar solute along its concentration gradient

Back 84

Facilitated diffusion

Front 85

In ______ a cell uses a transport protein to move a substance against its concentration gradient

Back 85

Active transport