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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 characteristics of phylum chordata? |
-dorsal, hollow nerve cord -notochord (acts as a hydroskeleton to prevent body distortions during movement) -pharyngeal slits (become gill slits in aquatic animals; are not present beyond embryonic stage in higher chordates) -gland (or tissue) to concentrate iodine - post anal tail |
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Give the phylum, subphylum, and class name for the perch |
- Phylum chordata - Subphylum vertebrata - Class Osteichthyes |
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what is name of the body form of the perch?
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fusiform- laterally flattened and streamlined to minimize resistance as the fish moves |
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What is the structure in the perch that covers the gill chamber? |
operculum |
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What is the function of the lateral line? |
detection of vibrations of low frequency or movements in the water |
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What components make up the head region of the perch? |
- terminal mouth - anterior and posterior nasal apertures (nostrils) -operculum (gills, gill arches, gill rakers) |
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skeletal muscles of vertebrates can be divided into two groups:
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axial (are in the axis of the body) and appendicular (those of the limbs and girdles)
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perch movement is called |
lateral undulation via waves of contraction of the axial muscle mass |
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define: myomeres, myosepta and horizontal septum. In which organism are they found? |
in the perch, myomeres are a series of muscle segments which are separated by connective tissue called the myosepta. The horizontal septum divides the myomeres into a dorsal and ventral portion |
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What structures are associated with the GI tract in the perch? |
-mouth -pharynx (throat) -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine |
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teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder are all examples of ___________ organs in the perch |
accessory |
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The type of teeth that an animal has reflects its ________ |
diet |
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describe the molars, premolars, incisors and canines in the perch |
-Molars: flat surfaces for crushing and milling -Premolars: used for shearing, cutting, slicing -Incisors: chisel-shaped teeth in the front, used for biting -Canines: pointed teeth, useful for tearing flesh and catching/holding prey |
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what does the esophagus lead to in the perch? |
leads from the oropharynx to the stomach |
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what is the function of the pyloric caeca? which organism are they found it? |
-found in the perch -help to break down food material as well as serve other secretory and absorptive functions |
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what does the gall bladder do in the perch? |
drains bile from the liver |
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what does the pancreas do in the perch? |
secretes digestive enzymes into the intestine and hormones (insulin and glucagon) into the blood |
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what is the spleen's function in the perch? |
production and maintenance of blood cells |
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what is osmoregulation? |
the maintenance of solute and water balance -water entering and leaving the body must be equal |
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describe the two basic approaches of maintaining water balance in an organism
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-Osmoconformers: animals that do not adjust their internal osmolarity and are isosmotic with their environment -Osmoregulators: animals that are not isosmotic with their environment and have developed mechanisms to regulate their internal solute and water concentrations |
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what are the kidneys responsible for in most chordates? |
-eliminate nitrogenous waste -conserve materials not in excess -maintain an internal environment that is nearly constant in water -maintain salt contents of body fluids and in pH |
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describe perch testes |
-pair of white elongated bodies lying just below the swim bladder, they are joined by a thin sheet of mesentary -sperm are passed out through urogenital opening |
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gills with double sets of filaments are known as |
holobranchs
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describe the counter current system |
the way in which lamellae of gill filaments are arranged such that the flow of water is opposite the flow of blood over the gills. -maximizes movement of oxygen into blood |
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is the circulatory system of the perch open or closed? what structures does it consist of? |
-closed -heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood |
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what is a single circuit heart system? |
-blood is pumped through the heart only once, in the perch only deoxygenated blood is pumped through the heart then passes directly to the gills where it is oxyegnated |
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trace the path of blood through the perch heart |
-blood is received in the sinus venosus from the two common cardinal veins and the hepatic sinus -blood in sinus venosus then goes to single atrium -blood flows from atrium to single ventricle -blood flows from ventricle to bulbus arteriosus -blood flows from bulbus arteriosus through ventral aorta to the gills |
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what are the two defining characteristics of mammals? |
-hair -females possess mammary glands with external openings for nourishing their young |
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give the phylum, subphylum, class, and order of the rat |
-phylum chordata -subphylum vertebrata -class mammalia -order rodentia |
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what is digitigrade locomotion |
the animal walks only on the digits with the rest of the foot elevated |
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what are vibrissae? |
long, sensory hairs that grow out of the snout, upper eyelid, cheek and chin of the rat |
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what are pinna? |
external folds in the ears which direct sound waves into the ear canal |
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in rats, the external openings of mammary glands are the _________ |
teats (or nipples) |
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compare the external, internal and transverse obliques in the rat |
-the external obliques are the outermost muscle layer in the rat -the internal obliques are the layer of muscle beneath the external obliques- they they run in a different direction -transverse obliques are the layer of muscle beneath the internal oblique |
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functions of tricep brachii vs bicep brachii |
-tricep brachii: extends forearm -bicep brachii: flexes forearm |
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which is the tear gland and which are the salivary glands in the rat? |
-tear gland: extraorbital lacrimal -salivary gland: parotid, submaxillary, sublingual |
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which are the only teeth present in the rat's oral cavity? |
-upper and lower incisors -molars |
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list and describe the various membranes of the peritoneum in the rat |
-Mesentary proper: double layer of peritoneal membrane from the dorsal body wall to the viscera -Falciform Ligament: tissue extending from ventral body wall and diaphragm to the liver -Parietal Peritoneum: lines body wall of abdominal cavity -Visceral Peritoneum: covers internal organs (viscera) within abdominal cavity -Greater Omentum: double walled peritoneal sac- extends from greater curvature of stomach to the spleen -Lesser Omentum: joins lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver |
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what are the three portions of the rat stomach? |
-cardiac portion: entrance from the esophagus -fundic portion: large middle area -pyloric portion: constricted posterior portion, contains the pyloric sphincter which is the opening connecting the stomach to the duodenum |
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Name and describe the three portions of the small intestine |
-duodenum: receives ducts from the digestive glands, pancreas and liver -Jejunum - Ileum |
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in which organ does most of the chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients in the rat occur? describe the process |
small intestine; digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the intestine are secreted into the lumen of the small intestine where the chemical breakdown of food occurs |
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what are the 4 parts that comprise the large intestine |
-caecum -ascending colon -transverse colon -descending colon |
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what is the function of the large intestine? |
re-absorption of large amounts of water secreted into the gut during digestion |
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where is feces stored in the rat? |
the rectum
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is there a gall bladder present in the rat? |
no |
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what does the spleen do in the rat? |
removes old red blood cells from circulation and breaks them down |
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what does the pancreas do in the rat? |
secretes many digestive enzymes into the small intestine as well as hormones (insulin and glucagon) into the blood |
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to where does the ureter carry urine in the rat? |
to the urinary bladder for storage |
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name the three regions of epididymis that surrounds the testes in the male rat |
-caput (head) epididymis -corpus epididymis -cauda (tail) epididymis |
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trace the path of sperm through the testes |
-sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes -goes to caput epididymis -then corpus epididymis then cauda epididymis then to vas deferens then to urethra |
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what is the function of the vesicular and coagulating glands in the male rat? |
form seminal fluid which carries sperm during ejaculation, activates and provides certain nutrients for them and contains substances which neutralize the relatively acidic environment of the vagina |
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what is the name that refers to the uterine horns. when the horns unite, what do they form? |
-cornua -vagina |
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trace the pathway of the egg in a female rat |
-starts in the ovary -oviduct -right and lefts cornua (horns of the uterus) |
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in the rat: what is the name given to the membrane that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity? Lining the lungs? |
-parietal pleura lines the wall of the thoracic cavity -visceral pleura lines the lungs |
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how many lobes make up the rat lungs? |
-left lung has one lobe -right lung has four lobes |
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which three blood vessels bring deoxygenated blood into the right atrium in the rat? |
-right superior vena cava -left superior vena cava -inferior vena cava |
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where does the superior venae cavae bring blood from? the inferior vena cava? |
-right superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the right right side of the head and neck -left superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the left side of the head and neck -inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body |
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the rat's thoracic cavity is drained by which vein into the heart? ' |
azygous vein |
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trace the path of blood through the rat's heart |
-superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium -right atrium to right ventricle through the tricuspid valve -right ventricle to pulmonary trunk through the pulmonary semilunar valve -pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries that go to the lungs -becomes oxygenated in the lungs -returns from lungs to the left atrium through the right and left pulmonary veins -then goes to the left ventricle from the left atrium through the bicuspid valve |
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what is the skeletal system of vertebrates composed of? |
bones and/or cartilage |
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where can the remnants of the notochord be found in adult tetrapods? |
gelatinous material found in the intervertebral discs between successive vertebrae of the vertebral column |
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vertebrae skeletons are divided into two main regions: |
-axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae, and ribs) -appendicular skeleton ( pectoral and pelvic girdles, and the bones of the appendages) |
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what kind of bone make up the skull of the perch? |
-dermal bone (outer layer-is in the dermis) -endochondral bone (inner skull- under the dermis ) |
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which part of the fish vertebrae lack ribs? |
the first two vertebrae and the caudal vertebrae |
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in the median fins, which rays are ossified, which arent? |
-anterior dorsal fin rays: ossified -posterior dorsal fin rays: not ossified -anal fin rays: only first two rays are ossified -caudal fin rays: not ossified |
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what components make up the rat's skull? |
-palate -premaxilla -maxilla -occiptal -mandible -teeth (incisors and molars) |
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what are the 5 regions of mammalian vertebrae? which bear ribs, which do not |
-cervical (no ribs) -thoracic (bear ribs) -lumbar (no ribs) -sacrum (composed of 3 fused sacral vertebrae) -caudal |
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describe the atlas and axis, which vertebrae do they compose? |
-compose the cervical vertebrae -atlas: corresponds to 'yes' movement (nodding) -axis: corresponds to 'no' movement (shaking) |
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what does the epidermis function to do in mammals? |
-protects against mechanical abrasion -protects against microorganisms -prevents water loss |
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what do sebaceous glands do? |
produce oily, waxy secretions that are usually secreted into hair follicles |
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what does the excretory system function in, in the earthworm? what structure is involved? |
-osmoregulation and removal of nitrogenous wastes -nephridia |
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how is internal transport carried out in annelids? |
-the movement of coelomic fluid (by contractions of the body wall) -closed circulatory system |
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where is sperm produced in the earthworm? |
in the testis which are are inside the seminal vesicles |
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roundworms belong to phylum... |
phylum nematoda |
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earthworms belong to phylum______. class ________ |
phylum annelida class oligochaeta |
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clamworms belong to phylum ___, class ____? |
phylum annelida class polychaeta |
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describe the path of the digestive system in the clamworm |
-mouth -pharynx -esophagus -caeca -stomach-intestine |
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what is the function of the parapodia?
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-gas exchange -locomotion |
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give examples of arthropods |
spiders ticks mites scorpions centipedes millipedes shrimp crab insects |
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which phylum is the largest? |
arthropoda, has the biggest diversity of animals |
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what are the two defining characteristics of phylum arthropoda |
-hard exoskeleton -jointed appendages
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describe the body regions of the cray fish |
-cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) -posterior abdomen |
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what is the crayfish exoskeleton composed of? |
chitin |
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the saddle-like covering over the cephalothorax is called |
carapace |
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what structures in the stomach are used to grind food?
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chitinous teeth that are called the gastric mill |
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describe the circulatory system of arthropods |
it is an open circulatory system that receives blood from the hemocoel and pumps it to vessels for distribution in the body |
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give the phylum etc of the grasshopper |
phylum arthropoda class insecta |
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describe the digestive system of the grasshopper |
-food enters the mouth -then goes to esophagus -from the esophagus it goes to the crop (where the food is stored) -from crop to stomach where enzymes from the gastric caecae aid in digestion |
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what is the function of malphighian tubules? |
-osmoregulation and excretory function -removes nitrogenous wastes (uric acid) |
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what is the key characteristic of cnidarians? |
cnidocytes which contain nematocysts that are used to immobilize prey |
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describe the cell layering in cnidarians |
-they are diploblastic -outer epidermis (from embryonic ectoderm) -inner gastrodermis (from embryonic endoderm) |
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what are the two forms of cnidarians? |
polyp or meduse |
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how do hydra feed and digest food? |
-tentacles around the mouth will capture food -food (prey) will be stung by nematocysts in order to kill the prey -food brought into mouth and digested in gastrovascular cavity |
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describe the osmoregulation in cnidarians
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-aquatic organisms therefore their whole body surface participates in gas exchange -essentially just diffusion through the bodily cells and layers |
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reproduction in cnidarians |
-asexual by budding -sexual by production of sperm (in spermaries) and ova (in ovaries) |
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describe obelia sp in detail |
-colonial cnidarian -alternates between polyp stage and medusa stage -two kinds of polyps: - feeding/nutritive polyp (hydrotheca) - reproductive polyp (gonotheca) |
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compare the symmetry of the cnidarians to the platyhelminthes |
-cnidarians are radially symmetrical -platyhelminthes are bilaterally symmetrical |
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describe the cell layering of the platyhelminthes |
-triploblastic -outer epidermis -inner gastrodermis -middle layer is parenchyma developed from mesoderm |
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are platyhelminthes coelomate, acoelomate or pseudocoelomate? |
acoelomate |
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give two examples of platyhelminthes |
flukes and tapeworms |
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describe the digestion/feeding in planarians |
-have a blind digestive tract (only one opening) -muscular protrusible pharynx bring food into digestive cavity |
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do parasitic platyhelminthes have a protrusible muscular pharynx? |
they have a muscular pharynx but it is not protrusible |
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what structures are responsible for excretion in platyhelminthes |
flame cells- propel wastes towards excretory canal |
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describe respiration in platyhelminthes |
diffusion through the body wall |
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describe circulation in platyhelminthes |
when present, the gastrovascular system transports nutrient material |
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be able to locate cuticle, epidermis, pseudocoelom, muscle cells and pharynx on microscope cross section of nematode |
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to where does the right common carotid artery carry blood to? |
the right anterior portion of the head |
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to where does the right subclavian artery carry blood to? |
right front leg |
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which vessels branch off from the innominate artery? |
right common carotid artery right subclavian artery |
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the coeliac artery gives rise to which three vessels?
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splenic artery hepatic artery gastric artery |
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what are the three branches of the dorsal aorta |
-coeliac artery (first) -superior mesenteric artery (second) -renal artery (third) |
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what vessels branch from the aortic arch |
-innominate artery (r common carotid and r subclavian) -left common carotid -left subclavian |
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to where do the iliolumbar arteries carry blood? |
dorsal body wall |
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to where do the common iliac arteries supply blood to? |
reproductive organs and hind limbs |
