Bio-L102 Final

Front 1

Action potentials are self-propagatingreversals in ___________________ that travel through ____________.

Back 1

membrane potentials; neurons

Front 2

If you allow positiveions to flow into a resting neuron,

Back 2

-you will depolarize the neuron

-you will make membrane potential higher (= less negative) than it was before

-you will make the neuron more likely to fire

Front 3

Afterneurotransmitter molecules are released into an inhibitory synapse, thereceiving neuron will be ______________ and become ____ likely tofire an action potential.

Back 3

hyperpolarized; less

Front 4

During an action potential, membrane potential rises when ___________________, and thenfalls, eventuallyreturning to resting potential, when _____________________:

Back 4

voltage-gated Na+ (sodium) channels open, voltage-gated K+ (potassium) channels open

Front 5

In aresting neuron:

Back 5

-membrane potential is negative

-there is a higher concentration Na+ (sodium ions ) outside the neuron than inside

Front 6

Whichof the following is a type of sensory stimulus?

Back 6

an odorant

Front 7

What informationdoes the brain use to determine the intensity of a sensory stimulus?

Back 7

the firing rates of sensory neurons

Front 8

All of the following are types of sensory receptor cells EXCEPT:

Back 8

interneurons

Front 9

Which of thefollowing events depicts the stage of entering a cold swimming pool in which sensory transduction by thermoreceptors occurs?

Back 9

your skin cools, causing temperature-gated ion channels in your cold thermoreceptors to open, which depolarizes your cold thermoreceptors

Front 10

What are the five known types of human taste receptor cells?

Back 10

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

Front 11

True or False: differentregions of your tongue detect different tastes: for example, the taste buds on the tip of your tongue can detect sweet,but cannot detect not bitter or salty

Back 11

False

Front 12

Whichwould depolarize a resting neuron?

Back 12

moving positively charged ions from outside the neuron to inside the neuron

Front 13

Mostmammals have a much better sense of smell than humans. Which of the following contribute to othermammals’ superior sense of smell?

Back 13

-they can detect more types of odorantsthan we can because they have more types of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)

- they have larger olfactory epitheliathat contain greater numbers of OSNs

-they are better at sniffing andtransport more odorants to their olfactory epithelia

Front 14

Memoriestriggered by the sense of smell tend to be _________ than memories triggeredby other senses:

Back 14

more emotionally-intense

Front 15

According to Ch.5 of “See What I’m Saying,” the flavors that we perceive when eating:

Back 15

-can change if the temperature or textureof the food changes

-can depend on the sounds we hear as webite into the food

-will seem less intense if we eat intotal darkness than if we eat in a lighted room

Front 16

Which of the followingcan reduce the intensity of flavor that you experience while eating?

Back 16

-asevere cold that prevents you from breathing out through your nose

- damageto taste neurons from middle-ear infections

-damageto taste receptor cells from smoking

- damageto olfactory sensory neurons from smoking

Front 17

Whichof the following are examples of animals using pheromones:

Back 17

-mouse A determines that mouse B is itssister by smelling molecules in mouse B’s urine

-a male giraffe determines that a femalegiraffe is ready to mate by smelling her

Front 18

Which of thefollowing is an example of a learned taste aversion?

Back 18

years ago, you ate an artichoke and then felt sick toyour stomach. Since then, you have foundthe smell and flavor of artichokes revolting

Front 19

According to Chapter 4 of “See What I’mSaying”, humans can unconsciously detect which of the following by smelling thescents given off by another person:

Back 19

-if the person who released the scent wasfeeling scared (fear)

-stage in the menstrual cycle of thewoman who released the scent (fertility)

-the degree of symmetry between the leftand right sides of the body of the person who released the scent

Front 20

Mostanimals _______ sweet and salty foods and _________ bitter and strongly -sourfoods. This response is ________.

Back 20

crave, avoid, inborn

Front 21

Bitter tastereceptor cells can detect ____________ .

Back 21

several types of poisons

Front 22

When bitter taste receptor cells aredepolarized, they release _____________ to taste neurons. These taste neurons then send______________________ to the brain.

Back 22

excitatory neurotransmitter; action potentials

Front 23

You smell a scent composed of 4 types ofodorants (each of which has a unique shape). What is most likely happening inyour olfactory epithelium?

Back 23

each odorant has bound to a different type of olfactory receptor molecule, and four distinct types of olfactory sensory neurons are firing.

Front 24

Sweet taste receptor cells are used todetect ___________ foods, while umami taste receptor cells detect foods thatare _________.

Back 24

energy-rich; protein-rich

Front 25

what would happen to you if your motor neuronsstopped being able to form action potentials

Back 25

Brain couldn't send signals to muscles so you couldn't move.

Front 26

Asyou chew a bite of pizza, you breathe out. Odorants in the pizza travel up to your olfactory epithelium, andstimulate your

Back 26

olfactory sensory neurons

Front 27

Thepineapple contains sugars, which will stimulate your

Back 27

sweet taste receptor cells. .

Front 28

Theanchovies contain lots of Na+ ions, which will stimulate your

Back 28

salty taste receptor cells

Front 29

The jalapeñoscontain capsaicin molecules, which will stimulate your

Back 29

pain receptor cells.

Front 30

The tomatoesare acidic and contain hydrogen ions, which will stimulate your

Back 30

sour taste receptor cells..

Front 31

You sprinkle your pizza with parmesan cheese, which contains a lot ofglutamate molecules. These glutamate molecules will stimulateyour

Back 31

umami taste receptor cells.

Front 32

taste potentiator

Back 32

Molecule that affects howstrongly other molecules are tasted (ex. IMP)

Front 33

tastant

Back 33

Moleculethat is tasted (ex. glutamate

Front 34

cognitive habituation

Back 34

When your brain doesn’t create strong perceptionsof scents that you’re exposed to on a regular basis to for a long time, evenwhen OSNs are sending it signals

Front 35

cocaine

Back 35

Preventsneurotransmitter from being transported out of pleasure-circuit synapses

Front 36

neuroglial cell

Back 36

Nervous system cell that isn’ta neuron, but “helps” neurons

Front 37

olfactory epithelium

Back 37

Patchof tissue that contains olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)

Front 38

odorant

Back 38

Molecule that is smelled

Front 39

squid

Back 39

Animalwith giant axons that helped researchers discover action potentials

Front 40

TTX- Tetradotoxin

Back 40

Bindsto voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing them from opening

Front 41

RetronasalOlfaction

Back 41

Occurs when odorants in foodtravel from mouth to olfactory epithelium

Front 42

taste bud

Back 42

Structurethat contains taste receptor cells

Front 43

catfish

Back 43

Animal with taste-bud likestructures all over its skin

Front 44

nerve

Back 44

Group of neurons bundledtogether

Front 45

neurotransmitter

Back 45

Moleculethat is released into synapses by neurons

Front 46

inhibitory synapse

Back 46

The release of neurotransmitter herecauses the receiving neuron’s membrane potential to get even lower (morenegative)

Front 47

excitatory synapse

Back 47

Therelease of neurotransmitter here causes the receiving neuron’s membranepotential to get a little higher (less negative)