Bio Ii, Special Senses

Front 1

Two major categories of sensory receptors?

Back 1

somatic (touch, temperature,presure, pain)
special (smell, taste, hearing, vision, equilibrium)

Front 2

Five types of sensory receptors?

Back 2

Chemoreceptors (Chemical conc. of substances) , Thermoreceptors (stimulated by changes in temperature), Mechanoreceptors (change in pressure or movement), Photorecetor (light), pain receptors (tissue damage)

Front 3

what is a feeling that occurs when the brain interprets impulses?

Back 3

sensation

Front 4

what is the benefit of projections?

Back 4

so that you can pinpoint region of stimulation

Front 5

what is the benfit of sensory adaptation?

Back 5

allows a person to adapt to strong stimulus

Front 6

how long does it take for warm and cold receptors to adapt?

Back 6

about 1 minute

Front 7

why does the sense of peain sometimes persist?

Back 7

pain receptors adapt poorly and continue to send impulses for some time

Front 8

where are receptors absent?

Back 8

brain

Front 9

what role does ischemia play in pain?

Back 9

triggers pain sensation.
ischemia- lack of oxygen rich blood.

Front 10

what 3 factors play a role in visceral pain?

Back 10

decreased blood/oxygen flow, stretching of smooth muscle, an chemoreceptors

Front 11

define referred pain and why does this occur?

Back 11

eeling as if pain is coming from another part of the body.
brain shares the nerve pathway

Front 12

explain the difference between acute and chronic pain fibers.

Back 12

acute- thin, myelinated fibers that conduct impulses rapidly, superficial tissue
chronic- thin, unmyelinated fibers that conduct impulses slowly. lass longer and associated with deep tissue.

Front 13

what role does the thalamus play in pain? what role does the cerebral cotex play n pain?

Back 13

thalamus- awareness of pain
cerebral cortex- emotional and motor resonses; intensity and source

Front 14

how does morphine affect pain?

Back 14

relieve strong pain sensations. supresses acute and chronic pain.

Front 15

how many types od olfactory receptors and their location?

Back 15

500 types
in nasal concha

Front 16

Why is it difficult to smell with a stuffy nose?

Back 16

blocked access to olfactory receptors. decreased appetite.

Front 17

who has a better sense of smell: humans or dogs?

Back 17

dogs

Front 18

define anosmia. list 4 causes.

Back 18

anosmia- partial or complete loss of smell.
inflammation of nasal cavity lining, tobacco smokie, epinephrine, cocaine

Front 19

define gustatry cell, where is it located, and how often is it replaced?

Back 19

taste cell; modiied epi cell that makes up a taste bud
surface of tongue
3 days

Front 20

4 taste sensations?

Back 20

sweet, salty, bitter, sour

Front 21

explain olfactory and taste nerve pathways.

Back 21

olfactory- receptor-> axons -> limbc system.
taste receptors- receptors-> vagus-> cranial nerves-> facial-> glosspharyngeal-> vagus nerves-> medulla-> thalaums-> gustatory process-> frontal

Front 22

3 parts of ear?

Back 22

external, middle, internal

Front 23

2 parts of external ear?

Back 23

auricle- funnel shaped
external auditory meatus- s-shaped tube. 2.5 cm in length. goes through temporal

Front 24

3 parts that make up middle ear?

Back 24

tymanic cavity- air-filled space in temporal bone
eardrum
ossicles

Front 25

what is the role of the eardrum and which ossicle is attached?

Back 25

produce vibrations. malleus is attached; semi-transparent skin on outside. mucus membrane on inside. cone-shapd

Front 26

3 roles of ossicles?

Back 26

malleus, incus, and stapes.
they bridge eardrum and inner ear, transmitting vibrations. atached by tiny ligaments

Front 27

which window leads to inner ear?

Back 27

oval

Front 28

what is purpose of eustachian tube?

Back 28

connects middle ear to throat. equalizes pressure

Front 29

what is the role of the semicircular canal and cochlea?

Back 29

semicircular- sense of equilibrium
cochlea- hearing

Front 30

where does roun window lead?

Back 30

inner ear

Front 31

whereare hearing receptors found?

Back 31

organ of corti; hairlike receptors extend to the endolymph

Front 32

4 causes of partial or complete hearing loss?

Back 32

damage to cochlea, auditory nerve, or auditory nerve pathways, loud noises, damage to temproal, changes to eardrum

Front 33

explain difference between static and dynamic equilbrium.

Back 33

static- still
dynamic- moving

Front 34

what causes moiton sickness?

Back 34

motions that disturb equilibrium

Front 35

what is located within the pear-shaped orbital cavity?

Back 35

eye, lacrima gland, associated extrinsic muscles

Front 36

thinnest skin of body?

Back 36

eyelid

Front 37

define conjuctiva and where are tears secreted?

Back 37

conjunctiva- mucous membrane that lines inner surfaces of eyelids and folds back to cover anterior surface of eyeball
tears- lacrimal gland

Front 38

benefit of lysozyme?

Back 38

antibacterial agent- prevents eye infetion

Front 39

4 facts about eye. what gives eye its shape

Back 39

provides sight, 3 layers- outer, middle, ad innter tunics, hollow, spherical structure, shape is maintained by spaces within eye filled with fluids.

Front 40

define cornea

Back 40

window of eye; helps focus entering light rays, fibrous tunic, transparent

Front 41

define sclera

Back 41

white portion of eyes, fibrous tunic, muscle attachment

Front 42

define iris

Back 42

thin diphragm composed mostly of connective tissue and smoth muscle fbers; colored, vascular unic

Front 43

define pupil

Back 43

circular opening in center of iris

Front 44

define retina

Back 44

contains visual receptors- photoreceptors

Front 45

define aqueous humor

Back 45

matery fluid secreted from ciliary layer, fills space between cornea, nourishes

Front 46

what makes the sclera opaque, the cornea transparent, the puril black, and the iris colored?

Back 46

sclera-collagen
pupil- it absorbs everything
cornea- few cells, no blood vessels. avascular
iris- genetic

Front 47

most common cause of blindness?

Back 47

loss of transparency of cornea, catarax

Front 48

where is sharpest vision located and the blind spot?

Back 48

sharp- fovea contralis: depression in center of retina
blind- optic disc region

Front 49

what is a floater?

Back 49

spekc in field of vision- shadows on retina

Front 50

what is importance of convex shapr of eye with light?

Back 50

causes light waves to converge

Front 51

what is purpose of rods and cones?

Back 51

visual receptor cells. cones- color and sharp vision.
rods- dim light

Front 52

what causes night blindness and glaucoma?

Back 52

night- vitamin a deficiency
glaucoma- rate of aqueous humor formation exceds rate of removal

Front 53

what is affected when a person is color blind?

Back 53

cone pigments- cant disinguish between certain colors. genetic, mostly males.

Front 54

list steps involved in visual nerve pathway.

Back 54

optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic triasma, optic radiations, plsma

Front 55

defina anopia

Back 55

one eye

Front 56

define diplopia

Back 56

double vision

Front 57

define itiris

Back 57

inflammation fo iris

Front 58

define enucleation

Back 58

removal of eyeball

Front 59

define vertigo

Back 59

dizziness

Front 60

menieres disease

Back 60

inner ear disorder tht causes rinign in ears, dizziness, hearing loss

Front 61

define tinnitus

Back 61

ringing in ears

Front 62

define otitis media

Back 62

inflammation of middle ear