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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gregor Mendel |
- Garden Pea experiment - 1st Law of Heredity - segregation of alleles - 2nd Law of Heredity - assortment of genes |
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Morgan |
- Drosophila - Fruit Fly - The first to find that genes are located on chromosomes - Crossed a white eyed male with a red eyed female = 3:1 ratio - All white eyed flies were males, eye color lies on the X chromosome |
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Hammerling |
- Worked with unicellular green algae (acetabularia) to find out where genetic material is located - stalks, heads and feet. feet have genetic material - found that the nucleus is the site of genetic information |
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Briggs + King |
- Frog egg transplantation experiment - found the nucleus directs frog development |
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Steward |
- carrot tissue experiment - found that each cell has a full set of genetic instructions |
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Griffith |
- Mice and Streptococcus pneumoniae - transfer genetic material from dead cells to live cells, called "transformation" |
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Avery, MacLeod + McCarty |
- mixture dead + Live Streptococcus - found that DNA is the transforming principle |
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Hershey - Chase |
- bacteriophage T2 injected - showed that hereditary info that was injected into bacteria was protein, not DNA |
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Meselsohn & Stahl |
- replication is semiconservative - bacteria in heavy medium N^15 |
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Beadle & Tatum |
- fungus experiment - Neurospora - grows on bread - 1 gene = 1 enzyme/polypeptide - each gene will specify the sequence to make a specific protein |
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Watson & Crick |
- DNA is a double helix that runs antiparallel - 3 nucleotides = codon - corresponds to a particular amino acid |
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Rosalind Franklin |
- DNA crystals/fibers = DNA is a double helix |
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Chargaff's Rule |
the amount of A = amount of T the amount of C = amount of G |
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Helicase |
Unwinds the double helix Splits DNA apart |
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DNA Primase |
synthesizes short RNA primers (for Okazaki fragments made during discontinuous DNA replication) |
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DNA gryase |
relieves torque/stress |
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DNA polymerase I |
erases RNA primer and fills the gap with nucleotides |
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DNA polymerase II |
DNA repair |
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DNA Polymerase III |
synthesizes the new DNA strand |
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DNA ligase |
-joins the ends of DNA segments -DNA repair |
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Gene |
-basic unit of heredity - sequence of DNA nucleotides on a chromosome that encodes for proteins, tRNA, and rRNA |
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Allele |
one of two or more alternate forms of a gene |
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locus |
position on a chromosome where a gene is located |
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genotype |
- genetic makeup of a trait or set of traits - genotypic ratio is 1:2:1 |
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phenotype |
- the physical appearance or functional expression of a trait - phenotypic ratio 3:1 |
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dominant allele |
- expressed in a homozygous or heterozygous state - example "Huntingtons Disease" - mutation that causes CAG repeat in DNA strand |
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recessive allele |
- expressed only in a homozygous state. it is hidden by the presence of a dominant gene in a heterozygous state - example "Tay Sachs Disease" |
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homozygous |
having 2 identical alleles of the same gene as the WW or ww genotype |
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heterozygous |
having 2 different alleles for the same gene as Ww genotype |
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test cross |
cross between a phenotypic dominant trait of unknown gentoype and a homozygous "tester". used to determine if the genotype is heterozygous or homozygous for a particular trait |
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pleotropic |
- one gene affects many traits - an individual allele that has more than one effect on the phenotype as yellow fur colored mice, but it is also lethal. |
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polygeny |
-many genes affect one trait |
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epistasis |
one gene can interfere with the expression of another gene |
