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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is biology? |
The study of "life" |
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What is discovery science? |
Science inquiry through descriptive processes. |
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What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? |
Inductive reasoning uses a generalization to describe something after many observations. Specific--->General
Deductive reasoning~ If, then. General --->Specific. |
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Discovery science involves ________ reasoning. |
inductive |
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Hypothesis testing uses _____ reasoning. |
deductive |
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What are the steps of the scientific method? |
1. Observation/Question 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Analysis 5. Conclusion |
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What can & can't the scientific method be used to evaluate? |
Can't~ Past events can't be tested Can~ Test things that are manipulatable |
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What is bioethics and why is it important in scientific applications? |
the study of typically controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine. |
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What are covalent and hydrogen bonds? What are examples of each? |
Covalent bonds is when two atoms share a pair of electrons. (strongest chemical bonds) Ex: H2 O2 N2 H2O
Hydrogen bonds is when the partially negative oxygen of one water molecule is attracted to the partially positive hydrogen of a different water molecule. Water Molecules. |
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What is a redox reaction and why is it important in biology? |
When one compound is oxidized the other is reduced. |
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What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter? |
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon |
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What are the properties of water? |
Polar and has hydrogen bonding between molecules. Has a high specific heat. Has a high heat of vaporization. Less dense as a solid. Is a good solvent. |
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Why is it important that ice floats? |
If ice sank, all ponds, lakes, and oceans would freeze solid. During summer, only the upper few inches would thaw. |
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What are the four biological polymers and what are their monomers? |
Carbohydrates- glucose, fructose, etc. Starch Cellulose Glycogen (carbohydrate polymers) Lipids-no monomers Nucleic Acids-nucleotides DNA, RNA Proteins- Amino Acids
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What determines a proteins shape? |
the mixture of amino acids |
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How are proteins denatured? Why does this matter? |
a change in the shape of a protein, usually causing loss of function. Caused by pH, temp, salt concentration. Denaturation causes a loss of function of the protein. |
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Why are proteins specific to their substrates & environmental parameters? |
Enzymes accelerate one particular reaction. The enzyme is typically found in environment that have its ideal conditions. |
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What are the processes carried out by/in the nucleus? |
The brain. Where DNA is stored. Surrounded by a double membrane. Communicates with the rest of the cell through nuclear pores in the membrane. |
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What are the processes carried out by/in the mitochondria? |
The power plant. Breaks down food into chemical energy. |
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What are the processes carried out by/in the ribosome? |
mRNA is translated into protein with the help of transfer RNA and ribosomes. |
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What are the processes carried out by/in the chloroplast? |
Where photosynthesis occurs. Only in plant cells. |
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What things are different between plant and animal cells? |
Only plant cells have chloroplasts and vacuole |
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What is a mutation, how do they occur and what are the impacts of a mutation? |
Changes in genetic material. Create abnormal proteins. The ultimate source of genetic variation. |
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What is an adaptation? |
process by which an animal or plant species becomes fitted to its environment; it is the result of natural selection's acting upon heritable variation |
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What are the 5 ways that populations evolve? |
Birth and death rates. Industrial and agriculture revolution. Medicine. Sanitization. Disease. |
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Compare/Contrast artificial selection, natural selection, gene flow & genetic drift. |
Artificial Selection- Takes organisms beyond their typical phenotypes in nature, not adaptive (wiener dogs).
Natural Selection- species originate from a common ancestor, but populations change over time in response to their environment. Adaptations.
Gene Flow(migration)- movement of alleles between populations, (pollen) reduces differences between populations
Genetic Drift- random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time. Founder effect, bottleneck effect. |
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What does the "Origin of Species" describe? |
Evolution via natural selection. Darwin's book. |
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How is something described as living? |
Organized Adapt Respond to the environment Reproduce and Develop Acquire Materials and Energy |
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Where in biology do we see uniformity & or diversity? |
Diverse at the organism level and up. Uniform at the molecular and cellular levels.
Diversity- adaptation and speciation Uniformity- conservative nature
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Compare & Contrast micro and macro evolution? |
micro-evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period
macro-major evolutionary change. The term applies mainly to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time |
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What are membranes composed of and what are their functions? |
50% Phospholipids, 50% proteins-phospholipid bilayer Functions to separate compartments, control molecular traffic in and out |
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Compare & contrast active and passive types of transport? |
Passive- Diffusion CO2 O2 travel either direction no energy high to low spontaneous via diffusion facilitated diffusion (high to low)
Active- simple diffusion must have protein requires ATP can go against concentration gradient
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How is bulk transport different from membrane transport using proteins? |
Bulk transport is accomplished by endocytosis, phagocytosis, etc... Membrane transport is uses uniporters, anti porters, etc.... |
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Compare and contrast how different tonicity effect plant and animal cells. |
Plants cholesterol Animals C=bonds |
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What is cellular respiration and fermentation? |
Glucose to ATP. Occurs in all cells at all times. Fermentation is respiration without oxygen. |
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Where do humans get their ATP? |
Glucose- Cellular Respiration |
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What is an electron transport chain and what is its purpose? |
NADH and FADH give their electrons to ETC Creates a proton gradient Electron is given to O2 at the end.
NADH 3 protons FADH 2 protons |
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What is photosynthesis? |
Plants use it to capture light energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy. |
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How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? which one has a faster rate? explain |
They use each others products as substrates. Cellular Respiration has a faster rate because it provides 36 ATP and not all protons are pumped across to produce ATP. |
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Why are plants green? |
They absorb all colors but green. |
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Why is life dependent on photosynthesis? |
Essential for plants to survive, which in return give humans oxygen. |
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Compare and contrast meiosis & mitosis (purpose, processes & outcomes). |
Eukaryotes divide by mitosis. Meiosis is a form of cell division that leads to the production of gametes. |
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What are Mendel's Laws and what do they represent? |
Law of Dominance- characters result from the inheritance of alleles coding for dominant and recessive traits. One dominant present for trait to show.
Law of Segregation- Two copies of a gene separate during meiosis to form gametes which are rejoined during fertilization.
Law of Independent Assortment- Alleles of each gene assort independently. Genes on non-homologous chromosomes |
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What is cancer? |
The loss of control of cell division. Takes four mutations, often in several genes. |
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What are the main causes of cancer? |
UV, chemicals (smoke, alcohol, workplace), viruses |
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Will there be a cure for cancer, why or why not? |
There can be detection/treatment. |
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What is crossing over and why is it important? |
Prophase I, genetic information can be exchanged between non-sister chromatids. Gives us diversity. |
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What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles? |
Dominant alleles only take one allele to be present for the trait to show up. Recessive alleles take two to show up. |
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Who is Rosalind Franklin and why did she deserve but not get the nobel prize? |
She discovered that DNA is symmetrical. She died before she could be given the nobel prize. |
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What is protein synthesis- why is this central to all biology? |
Connects our heritable genes with our functioning proteins. DNA contains genes which corresponds to a specific process. DNA-->RNA-->protein. |
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Compare/Contrast transcription and translation. |
Transcription- the production of mRNA from a DNA template DNA into RNA using RNA polymerase.
Translation- the production of a protein from a mRNA template by a ribosome From RNA to a protein using ribosomes. |
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Compare and contrast DNA and RNA including tRNA and mRNA. |
DNA double stranded deoxyribose as sugar uses T-A
RNA Single stranded Ribose as sugar Uses U-A
mRNA is translated into protein with the help of tRNA and ribosomes. tRNA- carries specific amino acid on end, has an anticodon on the end. |
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What is codon and anti-codon and why are they important? |
Codon is the specific set of 3 nucleotides that translates to a specific amino acid.
Anti-Codon is a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA |
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What is gene expression and what its he main difference in how it occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
Prokaryotes- regulation is carried out by an operon
Eukaryotes- transcription factors |
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Why do different cell types look different? |
Have different complexities. Loss of regulation. |
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What is a transgenic organism? |
I have no clue |
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What is primary research literature and how is it different from other scientific literature? |
Peer revised.... |
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How does gel electrophoresis work and what is it used for? |
Molecules are separated and pushed by and electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. |
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What is genetic diversity/variation, where does it come from, how is it maintained, and why is it important. |
Comes from mutations. Maintained by fitness via natural selection. Important for fitness. |
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What is inbreeding depression and what leads to it? |
A decline in heterozygotes. Poor sperm, and high rates of mortality. Lead to extinction. |
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What is the level of diversity in agriculture and why is this an issue? Is there anything that is practical to address this? |
One disease can wipe out a whole crop because of the lack of agricultural diversity. Nothing that is economically practical at this point. |
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What is epigenetics and what does it impact? |
Heritable changes in gene expression that operate outside of the DNA sequence. Phenotypic variation. Chromosomes tagged with methyl groups, influenced by the environment. Can impact future generations. |
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What is biodiversity and why is it important? |
Variety within and among living species. Other organisms carry out environmental services like soil enrichment, water purification, etc....Maintain sources of genetic information |
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and how can we use it? |
Mathematical way to measure the frequency of a particular allele in a population. |
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What is the tragedy of the commons? |
Hardin, any resource which is shared by a group of people (air, oceans, public land) All adds up, everyone has access. |
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What is sustainability? |
Survival of an organism while maintaining the quality of its environment. |
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What is Biosphere II and what is its lesson? |
We don't have technology to live in a closed system. Can't recreate a sustainable environment yet, and we need to make sure we don't disrupt biosphere I beyond repair. |
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What percent of the human population lives in poverty? |
50%, 2 billion malnourished |
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What can we do to improve the sustainability of humans in their environment? |
Technology and Education |
