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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Experimental Method
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1.Observation
2.Hypothesis 3.Testing Hypothesis 4.Recording and Analyzing data 5.Replicating the work 6.Forming a conclusion |
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Independent Varible
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the intentionally altered factor that you introduce into the experiment
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Dependent Varible
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what is affect by (depends) the factor that you change
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Structural Heirarchy
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organelle (microvilli)
cell (blood) tissue (muscle) organ (liver) organ system (digestive system) |
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Autotroph
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can feed itself
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Hetertroph
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has to eat other food source
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Diffusion
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movement of substance from high to low consentration
-no energy required -substance moves down concentration gradiant |
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selectively permeable membrane
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only allows certian things to pass through -- shape and size dertermine weather it can pass
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rate of diffusion
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depends on:
1.concentration gradiant 2.temperature 3.nedium- substance it passes through 4.mass of particle |
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Passive transport
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*no energy required*
1.simple diffusion-- passes right through lipid bilayer (ex.steriods, h2o, co2) 2.facillitated diffusion--diffusion with the help of transport protien (ex.monosaccharides) 3.Osmosis -- diffusion of water -isotonic-same inside and outside of cell -hypotonic-more particles inside of cell -hypertonic-more particels outside of cell |
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Active transport
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*energy required
paricles move against consentration gradiant |
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Bulk transport
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*energy required
moving big substances -exocytosis--moving out of cell -endocytosis--moving in to cell 1.pinocytosis--smaller substances (ex.protiens)--vesicle 2.phagocytosis--larger substances (ex.white blood cells)--pesudopods--"cell eating" |
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Consentration Gradiant
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the exsistance of a difference between the consentration of molecules across a certian area
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Types of Asexual Reproduction
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-one parent
-offspring genetic clones A.Binary Fission--one cell splits into two cells -- bacteria only!! {o} -> {oo) -> {o}{o) B. Mitosis -- ex:amobea, euglena, paramecium C.Budding--a little cell grows off the larger cell and eventually breaks free (ex. yeast, hydra) 0 -> O* -> O * D. Regeneration--regrowth of lost part (ex. planara) O -> ( -> () -> O E.Vegitative Reproduction-growth of entire organism form a plant part (ex.potato) |
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Chromosome vs. Chromotin
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Chromosome:
1.coiled DNA Chromotin: 2.uncoiled DNA |
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Interphase
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G1 && G2 -- growth phases where the cell grows and carries out cell function
S- synthesis of DNA |
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Mitosis
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1.prophase
-centrioles move to oppisite poles -spindles and asters form (microtubuals) -chromotin coils -> replicated chromosomes -nuclear envelope begins to desintigrate 2.metaphase -replicated chromosomes line up along equator/ metaphase plate 3.Anaphase -centromere btw. sister chromotids breaks -nuclear membrane breaks -spindle fibers drag single chromosomes to oppostie sides 4.Telephase -chromosomes reach poles -nuclear membrane reforms -spindle fibers/asters desintergrate -cytokenesis occurs - spliting of the cell into two cells -animal cells - clevage burrow -plants--NO centrioles/asters -plate forms btw. two cells |
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rate of cell division
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-interphase takes the longest -- 16-20 hrs
-red blood cells--never undergo mitosis--3 mths -> removed by spline -embrotic cells divide rapidly -nuerons/muscle cells rarely divide |
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meiosis
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MEIOSIS 1-
1.prophase 1 -homo. chromo. line up (synapsis) -crossing over occurs 2.metaphase 1- -homo. chromo. pair up at equator 3.anaphase 1 -homo. chromo. seperate from eachother and are pulled to opposite poles 4.telephase 1 -cytokenisis occurs -each cell has half the number of chromo. present in parent cell but still replicated MEIOSIS 2 IS SAME AS MITOSIS |
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gametes
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sex cells
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diploid number
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2n -- number of chromosomes in regular body cell
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haploid numer
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n --half the number of chromosomes in regular body cells -- number in gametes
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homologous chromosomes
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-same size and shape
-control same trait |
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crossing over
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-homo. chromo. swap corresponding part to create variation
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somatic
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body cells
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oogenesis
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-creation of eggs through meiosis
-1 large egg bc its carring neutrients incase of fertilization and 3 polar bodies(die)which carry the extra genetic material |
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spermatogensis
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-creation of sperm through meiosis
-four sperm |
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Sexuality
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-aspect of your personality
-sexual orientation - who you are attracted to -homosexual -bisexual -heterosexual -gender roles - how you present yourself to the world - your outward expression of being male/female |
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Sexual Idenity
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-inner sense of who you are
-transgender- sexual idenity that doesnt correspond with biological anatomy |
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Pubesent Changes
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Male-
indirect- -facial hair direct- -sex organs get bigger and develop -ability to ejaculate *fertile Female- indirect -enlargement of breasts -hips widen direct -sex organs enlarge -period *fertile Both- -growth spurt -armpit/pubic hair -sebaceous gland -acne -musle mass increases -voice deepens (larger voicebox) |
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Male anatomy
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Internal:
1.Testes A.make sperm-located in semineferous tubuals- lots SA B.make testosterone 2.epididymis A.sperm mature here (motile) and are stored here 3.scrotum- A.houses sperm at about 2 degrees celcis below body temp 4.vas deferens- A.tube that transports sperm to uretha 5.urethra- A.passage way for urine and sperm *not at same time* 6.prostate gland-secrets alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic vagina 7.seminal vesicles-create sugar(fructose) 8.Cowper's Gland-creates mucus -> present in pre-ejaculate |
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Passageway of Sperm
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-spermogenesis in testes
-epididymis->vas deferens ->urethra->outside penis |
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semen is made of...
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1.sperm - testes
2.fructose - seminal vesicle 3.alkine fluid - prostate gland 4.mucus - cowpers gland |
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Female anatomy
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1.external genitalia
-labia-outer/inner -clitoris 2.internal genitalia -ovary -contain at birth about 200.000 egga per ovary (maybe use 400 eggs) -mature egg once every menstural cycle -manufacture: estrogen and progesterone 2.Fallopian Tubes -fimbre at ends -cilia-rythmic beating -site of fertilization 3.uterus (womb) -site of implantation -inner lining called endometrium -cervix-neck of uterus 4.vagina (birth canal) -allows for passageway of period and childbirth |
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Menstrual Cycle
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a.menstration
-flow of blood (endometrium) b.pre ovlatory phase -pituitary gland in brain -> secretes FSH and LH -> stimulates ripening of follicle (egg) -follicle make estrogen -> stimulates thickening of endometrium (uterine lining) -A spike LH occurs right before ovulation (LH surge) c.ovulation -mature follicle ripens releasing mature egg -egg is quickly swept into fallopian tubes by cillia and fimbrae -high chance for fertilization on day 14 d.post ovulatory phase -ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum -- makes progesterone-maintain endometrium -increased progesterone/estrogen combination inhibits release of LH and FSH - corpus lutem distintgrates-progesterone levels plummet-lining shed |
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Pregnancy
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a.Conception in fallopian tubes (fertilization)-zygote formed-blastocyst
b.implantation-embryo attaches to endometrium and secretes HGC to tell corpus leutum to keep making progesterone c.pregnancy-amount of time fetus spends in mother 9mths placenta is connection btw. mother and fetus--drugs can influence development--mother gains weight (28 lbs), blood preasure increases, heart burn, morning sickness d.labor-uterus contracts, cervix dilates, release oxytocin and relaxin, amniotic sac breaks e.deliery-fetus flips, tie/cut umbilical cord, contractions continue - afterbirth f.multipule births - 2 eggs 1 sperm - feternal - 1 egg 2 sperm - identical |
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Gregor Mendel
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experimented with pea plants
-easy to grow -sharp contrasting colors -easy to control reproduction |
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purebreds
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organisims that will always produce offspring with a paticular trait -- homozygous
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hybreds
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offspring of two organisims that were pure bred for different varities --heterozygous
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gene
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part of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protien
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allele
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variation od that gene
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genotype
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the genes that an organism contains for a trait
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phenotype
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the expression of the genotype
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test cross
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done when an organism shows the doninate phenotype but unknown genotype
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incomplete dominance
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when a cross btw. the two traits is expressed
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Male anatomy
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Internal:
1.Testes A.make sperm-located in semineferous tubuals- lots SA B.make testosterone 2.epididymis A.sperm mature here (motile) and are stored here 3.scrotum- A.houses sperm at about 2 degrees celcis below body temp 4.vas deferens- A.tube that transports sperm to uretha 5.urethra- A.passage way for urine and sperm *not at same time* 6.prostate gland-secrets alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic vagina 7.seminal vesicles-create sugar(fructose) 8.Cowper's Gland-creates mucus -> present in pre-ejaculate |
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Passageway of Sperm
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-spermogenesis in testes
-epididymis->vas deferens ->urethra->outside penis |
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semen is made of...
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1.sperm - testes
2.fructose - seminal vesicle 3.alkine fluid - prostate gland 4.mucus - cowpers gland |
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Female anatomy
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1.external genitalia
-labia-outer/inner -clitoris 2.internal genitalia -ovary -contain at birth about 200.000 egga per ovary (maybe use 400 eggs) -mature egg once every menstural cycle -manufacture: estrogen and progesterone 2.Fallopian Tubes -fimbre at ends -cilia-rythmic beating -site of fertilization 3.uterus (womb) -site of implantation -inner lining called endometrium -cervix-neck of uterus 4.vagina (birth canal) -allows for passageway of period and childbirth |
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Menstrual Cycle
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a.menstration
-flow of blood (endometrium) b.pre ovlatory phase -pituitary gland in brain -> secretes FSH and LH -> stimulates ripening of follicle (egg) -follicle make estrogen -> stimulates thickening of endometrium (uterine lining) -A spike LH occurs right before ovulation (LH surge) c.ovulation -mature follicle ripens releasing mature egg -egg is quickly swept into fallopian tubes by cillia and fimbrae -high chance for fertilization on day 14 d.post ovulatory phase -ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum -- makes progesterone-maintain endometrium -increased progesterone/estrogen combination inhibits release of LH and FSH - corpus lutem distintgrates-progesterone levels plummet-lining shed |
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Pregnancy
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a.Conception in fallopian tubes (fertilization)-zygote formed-blastocyst
b.implantation-embryo attaches to endometrium and secretes HGC to tell corpus leutum to keep making progesterone c.pregnancy-amount of time fetus spends in mother 9mths placenta is connection btw. mother and fetus--drugs can influence development--mother gains weight (28 lbs), blood preasure increases, heart burn, morning sickness d.labor-uterus contracts, cervix dilates, release oxytocin and relaxin, amniotic sac breaks e.deliery-fetus flips, tie/cut umbilical cord, contractions continue - afterbirth f.multipule births - 2 eggs 1 sperm - feternal - 1 egg 2 sperm - identical |
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Gregor Mendel
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experimented with pea plants
-easy to grow -sharp contrasting colors -easy to control reproduction |
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purebreds
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organisims that will always produce offspring with a paticular trait -- homozygous
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hybreds
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offspring of two organisims that were pure bred for different varities --heterozygous
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gene
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part of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protien
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allele
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variation od that gene
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genotype
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the genes that an organism contains for a trait
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phenotype
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the expression of the genotype
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test cross
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done when an organism shows the doninate phenotype but unknown genotype
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incomplete dominance
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when a cross btw. the two traits is expressed
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codominance
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both alleles are active and both are fully expresses in the hybrid
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dihybrid/trihybrid
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3 or more alleles for one trait
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chromosome of male
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XY
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chromosome of female
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XX
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sex linked trait
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any gene located on a sex chromosome--your sex influences the frequency that it shows up
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x linked disorders
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1.hemophilia
2.muscular distrophy 3.red green color blindness |
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gene linkage
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genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
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chromosomal mutations
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-deletion
-duplication -inversion -reciprocal translation |
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nondisjunction disorders
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klinefelter syndrome XXY
turners syndrome X down syndrome extra 21st chromo |
