Bio Final Population Genetics

Front 1

individuals of a population have the same number and kinds of genes

Back 1

duh

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a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring

Back 2

population

Front 3

the aggregate of all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population

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gene pool

Front 4

the transfer of alleles from one population the to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

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gene flow

Front 5

a process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
-effects what most?

Back 5

genetic drift
-small populations

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frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, given that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

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Hardy Weinberg Theorem

Front 7

evolutionary change below the species level; change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

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microevolution

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genetic drift that occurs that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions

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bottleneck effect

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natural selection in which intermediate phenotypes survive or reproduce more successfully than do extreme phenotypes

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stabilizing selection

Front 10

natural selection in which individuals at one end of the range survive or reproduce more successfully than do other individuals

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directional selection

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microevolution occurs where?

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in a population

Front 12

causes of microevolution?

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not just natural selection, also, genetic drift, gene flow, nonrandom mating, mutations

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only mechanism of microevolution that consistently improves adaptation

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natural selection

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requirements of populations

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localized, can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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-traits come in two or or more distinct forms

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polymorphism

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in the hardy weinberg theorem, a population is evolving/not evolving

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NOT EVOLVING
-gene pool remains constant

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requirements for HW theorem

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-no mutations
-large population
-isolated from other population, no gene flow
-no selection
-random mating

Front 18

examples of mutations

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mutations of alleles, genes are deleted, duplicated, etc

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five causes of microevolution

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mutations, gene flow, genetic drift (esp in small populations), nonrandom mating, natural selection

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4 steps of natural selection

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1. genetically based variation in a population (from random mutation)
2.some individuals are more fit to a certain environment (certain genetic based traits have greater reproductive success)
3. individuals with phenotypes that are better adapted to the environment pass more copies of their alleles into next generation
4. as a result, there is a change in allele frequency OVER TIME

Front 21

natural selection does not occur in only one individual, changes the gene frequency in a population

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okay

Front 22

natural selection befalls individuals, what occurs in populations?

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EVOLUTION

Front 23

ONLY this generally leads to an accumulation of favorable adaptations in a population (Darwinian changes)

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natural selection

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-describes how allele frequencies can fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

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genetic drift

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tends to reduce genetic variation

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genetic drift

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example of genetic drift

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bottleneck effect

Front 27

-a sudden change in the environment may drastically reduce the size of a population

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bottleneck effect

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why does genetic drift esp effect small pops?

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because of the small population, it has little genetic variation so it will even more so be reduced by the bottleneck effect and overall the population will only get smaller

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-result of this: the gene pool is no longer reflective of the original population's gene pool

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bottleneck effect

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what does the bottleneck effect have to do with conservation bio?

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endangered species already have little variation, the bottleneck effect can cause some alleles to be completely lost from the gene pool.

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example of bottleneck in endangered species

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three small surviving wild populations of cheetahs

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gene flow can cause

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GAIN OR LOSS OF ALLELES

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who moves in gene flow?

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fertile individuals or gametes

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how does gene flow affect populations over time?

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reduces differences

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primary mechanism of adaptive evolution

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natural selection

Front 36

natural selection never would favor an unfavorable genotype in a population

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okay

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at what levels is genetic variation measured?

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level of whole genes, molecular level of DNA

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-what does gene diversity measure?

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the average percent of gene loci that are heterozygous

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gene diversity is what in humans?

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14%

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nucleotide diversity in humans?

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.1%

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example of directional selection

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soot on trees causes cam of moths to shift from light to dark

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example of directional selection with pesticide residence

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resistant insects survive and reproduce

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antibiotic resistance is an example of?

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directional selection

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when a trait is becoming more or less common,

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a population is evolving

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used as a baseline to measure change

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genetic equilibrium

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only source of new alleles

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gene mutations

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dif between gene flow and genetic drift

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gene flow - change in allele frequencies due to emigration and immigration
genetic drift - change in allele frequency over generations due to chance events