Bio Final Meiosis

Front 1

the basis of sexual reproduction

Back 1

meiosis

Front 2

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Back 2

heredity

Front 3

differences between members of the same species

Back 3

variation

Front 4

the scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation

Back 4

genetics

Front 5

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses)

Back 5

gene

Front 6

the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes

Back 6

asexual reproduction

Front 7

examples of asexual reproduction

Back 7

budding, division of a single cell, division of the entire organism into two or more parts

Front 8

this is true of most asexual reproducers

Back 8

the offspring are genetically identical to the parent

Front 9

a lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells

Back 9

clone

Front 10

an individual that is genetically identical to another individual

Back 10

clone

Front 11

a type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to the offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents via the gametes

Back 11

sexual reproduction

Front 12

the generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism

Back 12

life cycle

Front 13

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm and egg and their precursors

Back 13

somatic cells

Front 14

fertilization

Back 14

syngamy

Front 15

a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex; not a sex chromosome

Back 15

autosome

Front 16

a cell containing only one set of chromosomes

Back 16

haploid cells

Front 17

a cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent

Back 17

diploid cells

Front 18

the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote

Back 18

fertilization

Front 19

a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern that possess genes for the same characters at corresponding loci, one inherited from mother, one from father

Back 19

homologous chromosomes

Front 20

the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization; a fertilized egg

Back 20

zygote

Front 21

the pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes
-when does it occur?

Back 21

synapsis
-prophase I of meiosis

Front 22

formed by synapsis

Back 22

tetrad

Front 23

microscopically visual region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I
-become visible after synapsis ends

Back 23

chiasma

Front 24

the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids
-when does it occur?

Back 24

crossing over
-prophase I of meiosis

Front 25

what dominates the life cycle of nearly all animals?

Back 25

sexual reproduction

Front 26

-three different contributions to variation in traits among offspring

Back 26

crossing over, random segregation, random fertilization

Front 27

asexual vs. sexual reproduction

Back 27

asexual
-genomes of offspring are copies of parents
sexual
-two parents give rise to genetically different offspring

Front 28

mitosis is an example of asexual reproduction

Back 28

kk

Front 29

describe the human life cycle

Back 29

2n
fusion to form zygote-mitosis, differentiation and growth, adults,
n
meiosis - sperm and egg

Front 30

when does DNA replication occur

Back 30

interphase prior to meiosis I

Front 31

the pairing and physical connection of duplicated homologous chromosomes
-when does it occur?

Back 31

synapsis
-prophase I of meiosis

Front 32

formed by synapsis

Back 32

tetrad

Front 33

microscopically visual region where crossing over has occurred earlier in prophase I
-become visible after synapsis ends

Back 33

chiasma

Front 34

the reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids
-when does it occur?

Back 34

crossing over
-prophase I of meiosis

Front 35

what dominates the life cycle of nearly all animals?

Back 35

sexual reproduction

Front 36

-three different contributions to variation in traits among offspring

Back 36

crossing over, random segregation, random fertilization

Front 37

asexual vs. sexual reproduction

Back 37

asexual
-genomes of offspring are copies of parents
sexual
-two parents give rise to genetically different offspring

Front 38

mitosis is an example of asexual reproduction

Back 38

kk

Front 39

describe the human life cycle

Back 39

2n
fusion to form zygote-mitosis, differentiation and growth, adults,
n
meiosis - sperm and egg

Front 40

when does DNA replication occur

Back 40

interphase prior to meiosis I

Front 41

chromosome number after meiosis I

Back 41

n, because the tetrad has separated and now each daughter cell only has one duplicated chromosome with two chromatids

Front 42

chromosome number after meiosis II

Back 42

n, the number is n because the two chromatids have now separated

Front 43

the majority of the human life cycle is spent in this chromosome number

Back 43

diploid 2N

Front 44

which meiosis is similar to mitosis

Back 44

meiosis II

Front 45

-the nuclear envelope is breaking apart and microtubules will be able to penetrate the nuclear region

Back 45

prophase I

Front 46

interactions between motor proteins and microtubules are moving one of two pairs of centrioles toward the opposite spindle pole

Back 46

metaphase I

Front 47

spindle apparatus pulls the homologous pairs apart, but sister chromatids remain in tact at the centromere

Back 47

anaphase I

Front 48

each daughter cell now consists of two sister chromatids, cytokinesis, cleavage furrow, or cell plate

Back 48

telophase I

Front 49

each daughter cell now has n as their chromosome number and one chromatid, four genetically different cells are produced

Back 49

telophase II

Front 50

the sorting of maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells at metaphase II

Back 50

random alignment

Front 51

the equation for the number of possible combos when chromos separate independently

Back 51

2^n
n = haploid number of chromosomes

Front 52

three events unique to meiosis

Back 52

1. synapsis and crossing over
2. homologous pairs at the metaphase plate instead of paired as individual chromos
3. separation of homologs, chromatids do not separate until anaphase II in meiosis