Bio Final Exam

Front 1

process of differential reproduction by which a population becomes adapted to an environment

Back 1

natural selection

Front 2

meiosis reduces ___ cells to ___ cells, and ___ genetic variation.

Back 2

meiosis reduces diploid cells to haploid cells, and increases genetic variation.

Front 3

this disorder is caused by a recessive, single defect, and is marked by mental retardation; effects lessened through special diet

Back 3

phenylketonuria

Front 4

1:2:1 phenotypic ratio is observed if the alleles show incomplete dominance because

Back 4

heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype between both homozygotes.

Front 5

trait is dominant. hetero woman marries hetero male, what is prob that trait is expressed?

Back 5

.75

Front 6

amino acid racemization is not good for aging of artifacts for these two reasons

Back 6

sensitive to fluctuations in temperature, and cannot be used for mineralized fossils

Front 7

cell placed into a hypertonic solution will

Back 7

lose water

Front 8

cell placed into hypotonic solution will

Back 8

gain water

Front 9

a single gene determines seed shape as well as influences starch grain formation. this is..

Back 9

pleiotropy

Front 10

some plants are green, others have a red hue, there is a gradient of red hue intensity across the population. this trait appears heritable because in each generation, same gradient is noticed. red hue probably caused by

Back 10

multiple genes are likely involved

Front 11

haplo-diploid mode of sex determination produces sperm by:

Back 11

meiosis

Front 12

male calico cats are rare because

Back 12

a male would need to have XXY chromosomes

Front 13

woman has a red green color blindness, married to a man with normal vision. what are their sons like?

Back 13

half of sons will have normal vision, half will be red green colorblind.

Front 14

linked genes

Back 14

cross over at frequencies proportional to the distance between them

Front 15

crossing over occurs between

Back 15

nonsister chromatids

Front 16

crossing over occurs at _____ locations along the lenght of the chromosome

Back 16

random

Front 17

squares in a pedigree mean

Back 17

male

Front 18

circles in a pedigree mean

Back 18

female

Front 19

a recessive trait is

Back 19

only expressed in the homozygous state

Front 20

a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia will pass the allele for the disease to

Back 20

half of her sons and half of her daughters

Front 21

measure of the amount of disorder in a system

Back 21

entropy

Front 22

the carbon atoms that were once in a molecule of glucose leave the krebs cycle as

Back 22

carbon dioxide

Front 23

PFK is an allosteric enyzme that regulates glycolysis. when cellular concentrations of ATP and citrate become high, they shut down PFK activity. this means that ATP and citrate are ___ of PFK and this is an example of ___

Back 23

allosteric inhibitors/feedback inhibition

Front 24

translation occurs in the

Back 24

cytoplasm

Front 25

transcription occurs in the

Back 25

nucleus

Front 26

most nitrogen on earth is found as

Back 26

NH3

Front 27

nitrogen more useful to people is in the form of

Back 27

N2

Front 28

nitrogen is fixated by a certain species of

Back 28

prokaryotes

Front 29

at the end of the reactions of glycolysis, the majority of the energy that was present in a molecule of glucose is

Back 29

present in two molecules of pyruvate

Front 30

DNP uncouples the electron transport chain of the mitochondria from ATP synthase. DNP carries proteons from the intermembrane space in to the matrix of the mitochondria, and decreases the concentration gradient between these two areas. a cell that is exposed to DNP will most likely produce

Back 30

less ATP per glucose molecule than an unexposed cell

Front 31

newly synthesized proteins destined for export have a unique signal sequence that directs them to the rough ER. these signal sequences are bound by ____ that help guide them to the ER.

Back 31

signal recognition particles

Front 32

a prokaryote has a cell wall of 90% peptidoglycan and no outer membrane. it is

Back 32

gram positive

Front 33

a prokaryote has a cell wall with very little peptidoglycan and an outer membrane. it is

Back 33

gram negative

Front 34

TF. prokaryotes tend to have smaller genomes than eukaryotes

Back 34

T

Front 35

TF. prokaryotes tend to have smaller cells than eukaryotes

Back 35

T

Front 36

TF. prokaryotes tend to have less structural complexity than eukaryotes

Back 36

T

Front 37

TF. prokaryotes tend to have fewer nutritional modes than eukaryotes

Back 37

F

Front 38

ATP is able to do cellular work because it

Back 38

has a high energy phosphate bond that can by hydrolyzed

Front 39

the NAD+ that is reduced to NADH during the Krebs cycle is regenerated

Back 39

by the electron transport chain

Front 40

what evidence supports that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic symbionts?

Back 40

both divide by binary fission

Front 41

cell respiration is energonic/exergonic

Back 41

exergonic

Front 42

what is needed for glycolysis to proceed normally

Back 42

NAD+

Front 43

in conjunction with ETC, atp synthase harnesses the energy that is released when protons flow back across the intermitochondrial membrane. this energy is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. this is an example of

Back 43

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 44

where is rRNA sunthesized?

Back 44

nucleolus

Front 45

lactic acid fermentation involves the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid. the function of this is to

Back 45

regenerate the supply of NAD+ in the cell

Front 46

energetically, the role of oxygen during cellular respiration is to

Back 46

accept electrons at the end of the ETC

Front 47

gets energy and carbon from decaying organisms

Back 47

chemoheterotroph

Front 48

in humans, a cleft is autosomal dominant. frequency of people with a smooth chin is .64. what is frequency of cleft chin allele in this population?

Back 48

.20

Front 49

cystic fibrosis is caused by an autosomal recessive allele. individuals who are homozygous for the allele develop cystic fibrosis and, historically, died at a young age. in populations where the infectious disease cholera was historically common, the allele for cystic fibrosis is relatively high. this is because carriers of the allele tended to survive cholera more readily than noncarriers. this is an example of:

Back 49

balancing selection

Front 50

for the tRna anticodon 3' CAU 5', the corresponding nucleotides in the template strand of DNA would be

Back 50

3' CAT 5'

Front 51

which of the following phenotypes represent a heterochronous mutation: mouse without fur, cat that can see at birth, appearance of gills on fish, fly with a foot growing from its eye

Back 51

cat that can see at birth--heterochronous has to do with time of development

Front 52

olive oil is liquid at room temp, whereas butter is solid. fatty acid molecules from both of these fats are extracted and their chemical compositions compared. based just on the knowledge of their state at room temp, one can accurately conclude that teh fatty acids from olive oil contain(more/fewer/same) hydrogen atoms than the fatty acids found in butter.

Back 52

fewer

Front 53

for a particular gene with two alleles in a population in equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous recessive individuals in the population is:

Back 53

recessive allele frequency squared

Front 54

dna polymerase always synthesizes starting at this end

Back 54

3'

Front 55

human infants weighing approximately 8 lbs at birth have a higher chance of survival than heavier and lighter infants. this is an example of:

Back 55

stabilizing selection

Front 56

the evolution of birds from a dinosaur is macro/micro evolution

Back 56

macroevolution

Front 57

when determining the sequence of amino acids, which strand of DNA is used?

Back 57

the coding strand, which is the opposite of the template, or the same as the mRNA with the Us changed to Ts

Front 58

there are many mutations in plants that alter their morphologies. a plant has tendrils where leaves would normally form. this condition results from a mutation in a single gene. this mutation could be categorized as

Back 58

homeosis

Front 59

amish people have a disease in higher frequency than everyone else. the amish of this area are descended from a small group of german immigrants and do not marry non amish people. this is an example of

Back 59

founder effect

Front 60

a reaction that results in the breakdown of a biological macromolecule would likely involve:

Back 60

catabolism and hydrolysis
(cata buses break down a lot, just like catabolism is the break down of something)

Front 61

Decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water, such as the dissociation of a dissolved salt or the catalytic conversion of starch to glucose

Back 61

hydrolysis

Front 62

species concept: can interbreed, produce fertile offspring

Back 62

biological species concept

Front 63

species concept: have a shared appearance

Back 63

morphological species concept

Front 64

species concept: are related in a common ancestor

Back 64

evolutionary species concept

Front 65

what is the best species concept for living sexual species

Back 65

biological species concept

Front 66

speciation where they are geographically isolated

Back 66

allopatric speciation

Front 67

speciation where they live in the same space or their ranges overlap

Back 67

sympatric speciation

Front 68

isolation--mate at different times of the day

Back 68

temporal isolation

Front 69

isolation--have different behaviors

Back 69

behavioral isolation duh

Front 70

isolation-- ranges sort of overlap, but not enough IE live on ground vs. live in tree

Back 70

ecological isolation

Front 71

isolation-- genitalia not compatible

Back 71

mechanical isolation

Front 72

post zygotic barrier, after fusion, the zygote just falls apart

Back 72

hybrid breakdown

Front 73

after fusion, the organism cannot live very long or it cant produce offspring

Back 73

reduced hybrid viability

Front 74

northern elephant seals were almost hunted to extinction. by 1890 there were 20 left. now there are 30000, but with little genetic variation. this is an example of

Back 74

bottleneck effect

Front 75

polypeptides are polymers of amino acids. the production of a polypeptide is a ______ reaction in which a _______ reaction occurs.

Back 75

anabolic/condensation(dehydration)

Front 76

okazaki fragments are produced along the lagging strand of dna because replication proceeds ____ the replication fork, and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the ______ end of the newly synthesized strand.

Back 76

replication of lagging strand proceeds away, replication of leading strand proceeds toward. added to the 3' end.

Front 77

this evolutionary force results in adaptive changes in a population

Back 77

natural selection

Front 78

5 animals survive a hurricane on a small raft, reach an island, collonize it. this is an example of _______ speciation

Back 78

allopatric

Front 79

which property of water is NOT due to hydrogen bonding: cohesion/low density of ice compared to water/high specific heat/high affinity for lipids

Back 79

high affinity for lipids

Front 80

female crabs choose those whom have big claws. this is:

Back 80

sexual selection

Front 81

what molecule provides electrons to photosystem 2

Back 81

water

Front 82

possible fates of the G3P in calvin cycle are:

Back 82

glucose production/RuBP production

Front 83

waxy coating that helps prevent water loss

Back 83

cuticle

Front 84

pores that allow for exchange of gases in plants

Back 84

stomata

Front 85

this feature is typical of an angiosperm but not of a moss (cones/gametangia/seeds/sporophyte stage)

Back 85

seeds

Front 86

a plant has large, bright red flowers. probable pollinator is:

Back 86

bird

Front 87

malaria is caused by an

Back 87

apicomplexan

Front 88

the reactions of the calvin cycle ___bolic, use _____ from the light dependent reactions, and involve the fixation of ___

Back 88

anabolic, NADPH, CO2

Front 89

rhodophytes (red algae) are an economically important group that has unique pigments known as

Back 89

phycobilins

Front 90

mosses only grow to be a few inches tall because they

Back 90

lack vascular tissue

Front 91

coconuts are produced by palms, the part we eat is:

Back 91

triploid endosperm

Front 92

all members of kingdom archaezoa are _____ that lack _____

Back 92

anaerobes that lack mitochondria

Front 93

during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis, if the ETC associated with photosystem 2 is disrupted, the most immediate effect would be an inability to produce:

Back 93

atp

Front 94

diatoms are members of the kingdom stramenopila because they have

Back 94

flagella with hair like projections

Front 95

3 most primitive characteristics of plants

Back 95

gametophyte, stomata, cuticle

Front 96

pollen is the male/female/same as spore

Back 96

male gametophyte

Front 97

the organism that causes potato blight is ____. it was originally classified as a ____ due to convergent evolution, which resulted in similar morphology and nutritional mode

Back 97

oomycete/fungus

Front 98

you are studying a plant that has a mutation is the gene that encodes the enzyme rubisco, rendering that enzyme inactive. this plant is unable to

Back 98

fix CO2

Front 99

part of life cycle, produces haploid spores through meiosis

Back 99

sporophyte

Front 100

part of life cycle, produces _____ gametes through mitosis

Back 100

gametophyte, haploid gametes

Front 101

role of vascular tissue:

Back 101

sugar and water transport, adaptation to a dry environment

Front 102

plant that has male and female reproductive parts

Back 102

dioecious

Front 103

this causes african sleeping sickness

Back 103

kinetoplastids

Front 104

these are involved in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Back 104

water, adp, NADP+

Front 105

green algae and true plants are considered sister groups because they share many common characteristics. which of the following is not a shared characteristic? (presence of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and b, cell walls composed of cellulose, storage of carbs as starch, the are all multicellular

Back 105

multicellular

Front 106

microspore

Back 106

male

Front 107

megaspore

Back 107

female