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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Induction |
One structure initiates or causes specific development of another. |
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Convergence |
When species without a common ancestor evolve the same trait independently of one another. |
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Interphase |
(s-phase) Where the DNA is duplicated |
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Prophase |
Chromosomes become visible |
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Metaphase |
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell |
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Anaphase |
The sister chromatids separate |
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Telophase |
The chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell and the nuclear envelope reforms around each of the new nuclei. |
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Cytokinesis |
The cell splits into two parts. |
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Bacon's 4 Idols |
Idols of the Tribe Idols of the Marketplace Idols of the Cave Idols of the Theatre |
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Idols of the Tribe |
Human Weaknesses |
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Idols of the Cave |
Acquired Biases |
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Idols of the Marketplace |
How we communicate (language/words)
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Idols of the Theatre |
Popular Authority |
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Epistasis |
Phenotypic Expression of one gene is affected by another gene. |
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Thomas Morgan |
Embryologist who worked with fruit flies and discovered hemizygous genes. |
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Anagenesis |
The current population is entirely different than its ancestor's population. |
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Cladogenesis |
Evolution that results in the splitting of a lineage. |
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Speciation |
Evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. |
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William Paley |
Natural Theology (Watch Metaphor) |
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Nicholas Steno |
Lateral Continuity, Older layers are lower than newer ones. |
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James Hutton |
Father of Modern Geology (Uniformitarism) |
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Needed For Cladogenesis |
1. Isolation of populations 2. Genetic Divergence |
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Allopatric Speciation |
Geographic Barriers |
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Sympatric Speciation |
Temporal, Mechanical, Ecological |
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When Barriers Do Not Prevent Interbreeding |
1.Fusion 2.Reinforcement 3.Stability |
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Ernst Haeckel |
Development of an individual repeats the evolutionary history of a species.
Evolution proceeds by adding modifications onto preexisting states. |
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Karl Ernst von Baer |
Embryos of "higher" species are like the embryos of "lower" species, but not like the adults.
The embryo of a species does not pass through other definite forms, but progressively differs from them. |
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Alfred Sturtevant |
Genetic Mapping |
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Hans Spemann |
Embryonic Induction |
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Hilde Mangold |
Spemann's student, her dissertation led to his Nobel Prize. |
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Edward Lewis |
Bithorax Complex; U of M grad |
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Christiane Nusslein-Volhard |
Identified the genes involved in the development of fruit fly embryos. |
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Daniel David Palmer |
Chiropractor founder |
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Serial Homology |
Repeated Series of Structures |
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Hox Genes |
Encode transcription factors which are instrumental in regulating body formation during development.
Determines identity of segments. |
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Homeotic Genes |
Genes that determine where certain body parts come from.
Order of genes matches where they act on the body. |
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Homeobox |
The DNA sequence of 180 base pairs that indicate the presence of a homeotic gene. |
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Homeodomain |
A DNA-binding domain coded from the homeobox.
Consists of 60 amino acids. |
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Homeotic Mutations |
Mutations that affect serial homology, turning one body part into another homologous structure. |
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Chordate Characteristics |
Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Chord
Notochord
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
Tail |
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Denial of Science |
Doubt the science
Question the motives and integrity of science
Overstate disagreements and cite gadflies
Exaggerate Potential Harm
Appeal to Personal Freedom
Assert Incompatibility with key ideaology |
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How can the same genes direct development of very different animals? |
Homeobox genes differ in nonhomeobox sequences
Different Patterns of expression of toolkit genes
Changes in Regulatory Sequences (genetic switches) |
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Segmentation genes |
Number, boundaries, polarity of segments (Identity of each determined by Hox Genes) |
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Egg |
1 cell, first stage |
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Blastula |
Hollow, single layer, second stage |
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Gastrula |
3 layers, third stage |
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Neurula |
Tubular structures, fourth stage |
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Pharyngula |
Differentiated along axis, fifth stage |
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Ectoderm |
Outside layer of blastula, will become the skin and nervous system |
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Endoderm |
Cells of the vegetal pole, will become the gut lining, liver and lungs
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Mesoderm |
Cells of the animal pole, will become the muscle, bones, kidneys, blood, gonads, and connective tissues. |
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Gastrulation |
Formation of the gastroentestinal tract |
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Blastocoel |
Inside cavity of the cell |
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Archenteron |
Stomach formed during gastrulation |
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Neurulation |
Notochord is formed and Neural Tube formed above it in the midsagittal section |
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Transcription factor |
Protein that binds to DNA, controls transcription |
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Transposons |
A segment of DNA that can "jump" around in the genome. |
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Biotic Potential |
A species' ability to rapidly reproduce under no limitations. |
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Recombinant Phenotypes |
Phenotypes not expressed in parental individuals |
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Transcription Factors |
These are proteins that bind to DNA and control transcription. |
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Maternal Effect Genes |
Genes that establish anterior-to-posterior identity |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
When features of a species differ between genders |
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Dorsal lip of the blastopore |
Can induce other cells to participate in embryogenesis. |
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Why is bicoid interesting from an evolutionary point of view? |
It illustrates convergent evolution. |
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How does the fruit fly embryo get so big so quickly? |
Many miotic divisions without cell division |
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When does the the embryo transcribe its own genes? |
After cell division |
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Why do certain cells change shape while others do not? |
Because of the gradient of expression of the maternal genes |
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How is the gradient formed? |
The RNA is anchored until after fertilization. |
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Sonic the hedgehog |
ZPA in fruit fly embryos that causes proteins to be expressed in a rough pattern versus the normal line pattern. |
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Gene mapping |
low gene plus low gene/total genes |
