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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Preclinical testing vs clnical trials |
preclinical = no human testing. clinical = humans. clinical ends up in FDA approval but may still cause death in rare cases. |
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Clinical - P1 |
20-80 participants |
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Clinical - P2 |
100-300 participants up to 2 years studies efficacy - "doess it work" 33% success rate |
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Clinical - P3 |
1000-3000 participants 1-4 years safety, efficacy, dosing - studies rare side effects 25%-30% success rate
ends up with FDA approval |
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Clinical - P4 |
Thousands of participants. 1+ year (long-term) Studies long-term effectiveness and cost effectiveness 70-90% success rate. may recall (like Vioxx) |
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Vioxx |
(NSAIDs) - pain killers/antiinflammatory. in P4 leads to heart attack, so there was a recall |
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stem cell research timeline |
2010: phase 1 - people had cysts so they stopped. 2011 - pull the plug because of money |
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Nazi human experimentation |
Joseph Mengele - did twin studies. were not treated humanely |
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Tuskegee Syphilis study |
left black people with syphillis untreated - monitored. "free HC" - target poor uneducated black men. meant to be 6 months - ended up being 40 years. told them they had "bad blood"
Dr. Cutler |
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Guatemalan syphillis scandal |
by US government. no consent - not informed. given syphillis. went there because it's illegal in the U.S. Descendants have it - started in 1940's. Found out about it in 2009 - appx. 5,500 people.
Dr. Cutler |
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three basicp rinciples of belmont report |
A) respect for persons - informed consent without deception. protect people who can't decide. B) beneficience - benefits fat outweigh the risk. "Do no harm" C) Justice - we ALL share the burden of clinical trials - don't prey on poor, uneducated, prisoners, children (especially orphans) |
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3 concerns or risk factors associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells |
1 - stem cells divide without limit - chance of tumor formation 2 - stem cells can go elsewhere - 70-80% go to correct area. hair tooth bone go in random areas. 3 - the cell is foreign and attacked by white blood cells. need to weaken the immune system first with immunosuppressant drugs (like with arthritis). stem cells are antigens. immunosuppressants may lead to illness |
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main controversy surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells |
desstroys embryos |
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stem cells that are in clinical trials |
heart disease retinal disease but in 2011 pulled the plug because of money |
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embryo categories |
zygote = 1 cell morula = many cells blastocyst = embryo and fluid (at day 5) - when stem cells are harvseted then gastrula |
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octamom |
CSUF alum. had 8 eggs left - 6 were used, 2 split |
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ability for self-renewal means |
can keep replicating and dividing if given food/water - but can form tumors |
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ability to differentiate means |
can become different cell types |
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unique properties of stem cells |
ability for self-renewal and ability to differentiate |
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pluripotent stem cells |
can become any body cell - 220 cell types |
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multipotent stem cells |
differentiate into some but not all body cells. blood stem cells don't give you all 220. can give you red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets |
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embryonic stem cells (ESC's) |
donated from couples getting in-vitro fertilization (IVF) function - fom all body cells and tissues pluripotent - more capacity - becomes all cells |
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why do people prefer Human Embryonic Stem Cells? |
more capacity - 220 types of cells |
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how do researchers get embryonic stem cells |
in-vitro fertilization. extract eggs from ovary surgically, fertilize them, grow to day 5, then use them |
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things to do with frozen embryos |
keep frozen thaw donate to research donate to another couple - obtained from consent, not abortion clinics. |
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Adult Stem Cells (ASC's) |
originate from newborns and adults - cells beyond day 5 function - repair and maintenance of tissues multipotent - differentiate only into some cells |
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therapeutic potential for adult stem cells |
bone marrow transplant (inject stem cells 2 another person) umbilical cord blood - get stem cells from umbilical cord and save them |
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induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) |
anthropogenic - made in lab originate from any adult cell from body (skin). don't use embryos function - repair of injured disease tissue pluripotent |
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what are iPSCs |
inject skin cells with 6 genes (embryonic) - become embryonic. |
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testes |
organs that produce sperm cells |
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epididymis |
site of sperm development at maturity |
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Vasa deferentia (singular - vas deferens) |
tubes lined with smooth muscle that cary sperm out of testes during ejaculation. site of vasectomy |
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seminal vesicle |
structure adds fructose and prostaglandins to semen. fructose gives energy - prostaglandins induces contractions within female uterus to propel sperm up to the fallopian tubes |
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prostate gland |
adds alkaline fluid to semen to protect sperm cells from the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract |
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bulbourethral gland |
this structure secretes mucus to lubricate the urethra before ejaculation. produces "pre-ejaculatory" fluid |
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urethra |
a duct that carries semen or urine out of the body |
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penis |
male organ that deposits semen into the female vagina |
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scrotum |
sac of skin and muscle that holds the testes external to the body where the temperature is cooler for increased sperm survival |
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bladder |
stores urine |
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% of semen that is seminal |
95% seminal fluid. 5% sperm cells. sperm comes from testes. seminal fluid comes from prostate gland, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland |
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review anatomy slide and identify parts |
... |
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ovaries |
organs that produce and store eggs (oocytes). females have 2 ovaries that alternate releasing a single egg once a month for one chance at fertilization |
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follicle |
layer consisting of small cells; they surround, nourish, and protect a single egg |
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corpus luteum |
structure that remains when the egg leaves the follicle during ovulation. |
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fimbriae |
finger-like projections found at the end of the fallopian tube that help sweep the egg from the ovary into the fallopian tube during ovulation |
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fallopian tube |
structure that the egg is released into during ovulation. also the site of fertilization and tubal ligation |
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endometrium |
blood-rich tissue that lines the inside of the uterus. for pregnancy, embryo transplants into endometrium. thicken blood supply to embryo. when she's not pregnant, the endometrium thins and is shed during mensturation |
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cervix |
the neck of the uterus - also the site that must dilate (widen) during prenancy |
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uterus |
the womb. site of pregnancy |
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vagina |
site of sperm deposit. aka birth canal |
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pathway of sperm from male reproductive organs to female reproductive organs |
testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra -> vagina -> cervix -> uterus -> fallopian tube |
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what is a vasectomy? how does it prevent pregnancy? why might it not be effective? |
vasectomy = vas deferens are cut. vas deferens can reconnect. "recanalization" |
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females can "have their tubes tied" in a procedure known as tubal ligation. How does this procedure prevent pregnancy? explain why 5 out of 1,000 women who have undergone tubal ligation may become pregnant after intercourse |
tubes reconnect |
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ovarian cycle |
day 7 - follicle and egg begin to separate day 14 - "ovulation" - egg splits from follicle. follicle becomes corpus luteum. |
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menstural cycle |
day 0 - 3/4/5 = mensturation (uterine endometrium gets released) day 14 - ovary released from corpus luteum
endometrium progressively builds until day 28 |
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purpose of ovarian cycle |
release eggs and build up uterine lining |
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purpose of menstural cycle |
clear out uterus lining. |
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estrogen levels during cycle |
peak at end of week 2 (day 14), signaling the follicle to ovulate drop significantly at day 1 (menses) |
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progesterone levels during cycle |
peak at end of week 3 (day 21) and cause endometrium to thicken trigger menses when drop at day 1 |
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endometrium vein color |
blue |
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endometrium spiral artery color |
red |
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endometrium spiral gland |
empty cavity |
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follicle development during cycle |
follicle is tiny and gets increasingly larger. peaks at day 14, then releases the egg and becomes degenerating corpus luteum
follicle has tiny cells that protect and nourish the egg |
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do the ovary or endometrium secrete estrogen and progesterone? |
the ovary does |
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hysterectomy |
take out the uterus |
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what estrogen does during cycle |
monthly egg development triggers ovulation |
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what progesterone does during the cycle |
progesterone (pro-"gestation") targets endometrium (tissue inside uterus) thickens endometrium (what embryo attaches to) |
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what does birth control do to cycle |
prevents peak estrogen and peak progesterone to stabilize them out, then both drop to trigger mensturation
week 1-3 is active pills week 4 = inactive pills/iron supplements |
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plan B - how does it prevent pregnancy? what guidelines for taking? |
1) high amounts of progesterone and estrogen prevent ovulation/egg release 2) prevent fertilization - sperm can't fertilize 3) prevents implantation - embryo can't attach to endometrium/womb |
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age limit of birth control |
age 39 |
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organs involved in preseminal fluid production |
1) prostate gland 2) seminal vesicle 3) bulbourethral gland |
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organ involved in sperm cell production |
testes |
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semen ejaculation occurs in |
urethra - preseminal fluid combine before it happens, then sperm and preseminal fluid combine during ejaculation.
250 million sperm - 250 individual sperm find egg to fertilize |
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what's lost during mensturation |
the endometrium - blood-rich organ that has O2 and nutrients. |
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instructions for taking birth control |
take same time daily |
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15 major events in pregnancy |
WEEK 1 1) ovulation 2) fertilization and zygote formation 3) mechanisms against polyspermy 4) cleavage 5) implantation and hCG secretion WEEK 2 & 3 6) primitive streak formation 7) development of extra-embryonic structures 8) gastrulation WEEK 4 9) organogenesis 10) heart beats 11) limb buds appear WEEK 5 & 6 12) SRY gene activation occurs 13) ossification of fetal skeleton WEEK 7 & 8 14) apoptosis of limb buds 15) neurons generate action potentials |
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Ovulation |
occurs in ovary/fallopian tube mature egg is release and swept into fallopian tube via fimbriae. 24-hour period to become fertilized by sperm that traveled to the fallopian tube. egg begins in follicle |
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Fertilization and zygote formation |
occurs in fallopian tube sperm burrows into egg. creats 46 chromosome zygote |
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mechanisms against polyspermy |
occurs in fallopian tube Polyspermy causes 3 copies of chromosome and failed pregnancy, causing a spotaneous abortion
Fast Block: fusion with egg creates electrical charge (positive) due to Na+. 10 seconds after fertilization. Slow Block: 1 minute after - physical barrier of water |
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cleavage |
occurs in fallopian tube single cell -> multiple cells. zygote -> blastomeres, which split into more blastomeres > morula -> blastula (hollow ball) -> placentia |
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Implantation and hCG secretion
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in uterus
implants into uterine lining from fallopian tube on to side of uterus. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone 1) communicates that you're pregnant 2) signals corpus luteum to stay and secrete hormones b/c pregnancy. makes endometrium stay thick by secreting progesterone. This is what pregnancy test measures. |
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Morning sicknesss |
keep blood clean for baby |
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primitive streak formation |
forms into blastula -> bilateral symmetry |
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development of extra-embryonic structures |
chorion, placenta, amnion and amniotic fluid, umbilical cord |
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chorion |
membrane between fetus and mother - outermost membrane around embryo, developed by follicle cell. between egg and eggshell |
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placenta
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connects fetus to uterine wall and allows nutrient uptake, waste elimination and gas exchange. attach to wall of uterus. umbilical cord arises from it.
placenta = endometrium (maternal cells) and chorion (embryo cells) identify it by locating everything that's maternal cells and everything that's embryonic cells |
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amnion and amniotic fluid |
amnion - @ first covers the embryo. fills with amniotic fluid (what fetus is suspended in - the stuff that leaks when you lose your water)
you can identify it bc everything around the fetus is amniotic fluid and around that is the amnion |
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pelvic brim |
space between pelvis. allows the baby to be born. if baby's head is too large, have to have a caesarian section |
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thalitomide |
supposed to alleviate morning sickness/sedative but prevents apoptosis of limb buds, so fingers and toes don't separate. this made the FDA have clinical trials/rules |
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gastrulation |
formation of three germ layers
endoderm (innermost layer) - creates digestive lining mesoderm (middle layer) - bone tissue, cartilage and muscles (cardiac, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle) ectoderm - skin and nervous system |
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organogenesis |
major organs form |
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limb buds appear |
projections from main body. no fingers/toes yet |
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SRY gene activation |
Sex determining Region on Y in males, Wolffian ducts become vas deferens in females, mullerian ducts develop into fallopian tubes |
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ossification of fetal skeleton |
intramembrenous ossification - axial skeleton (skull/ribs). collagen fibers become bone tissue
endochondral ossification - appendicular (arms/legs). cartilage becomes bone tissue
if mom doesn't have enough calcium, baby may die at birth or be born with major organ damage. mom's bones may break down to nurture baby. |
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apoptosis of limb buds |
apoptosis is programmed cell death. extra flaps die and you have fingers/toes |
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neurons generate action potential |
baby = now moving |
