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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Light Microscrope
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Living specimans
frog eggs plant and animal cells nucleus most bacteria mitochondira |
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Catabolism
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destructive metabolism: breaking down in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones, releases energy
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Anabolism
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construtive metabolism: the synthesis in living organisms of more complex systems into simpler ones
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Hydrolysis
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Lices or slits molecules by adding water-digestion
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Properties of Water
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Polar Covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds to other molecules high surface tension high heat of vaporization homogenous mixture less dense in solid form PH=4 |
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Functional Groups
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Hydroxyl
Amino Carbonyl Sulfhydrl Carbonxyl Phosphate |
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Carbohydrates
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Sugars and Polymers
Fuel and C source Energy, raw materials, structural compounds |
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Lipids
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Do not consist of polymers
Hydrocarbon tails Little/no affinity for water Gycerol, fatty acids, steroids energy storage, membranes, receptors, defense, structure |
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Steroids
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Lipids w/ carbon skeleton w/ four fused rings
In cell membranes Precurser for some hormones |
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Proteins
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Structural Support, storage, transport, signaling, impulses
Polypeptide (polymer of amino acids) 20 amino acids build all proteins |
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Nucleic Acid
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Polymers on nucleotides (nitrogenous base, pentose, phosphate group) heriditary code for amino acid sequence
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Coenzyme
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A cofactor that makes catalysis happen
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Central Vacule
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plant cell- hold reserves of organic compounds and water
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Tonoplast
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plant cell- central vacuolus membrane
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Cell Wall
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plant cell- protect cell, gives support, prevents drying
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Mitochondira
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sites of cellular resp.
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Chloroplasts
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plant cell- site of photosynthesis
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Peroxisomes
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produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water
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Microtubles
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shape the cell, guide movement, seperate chomomsomes in dividing cells
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Cilia
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special arrangemtent of microtubles locomoter appendages of some cells
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Microfilaments
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cellular motility
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Golgi apparatus
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modification of products of rough ER, maufacture certain macromolecules
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Rough ER
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produces proteins and membranes that are distributed by transport vesicles
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Smooth ER
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syntheisizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores calcium, detoxes
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Ribosomes
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carry out protein syntheis
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Chromatin
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jumble of uncoiled DNA in nucleous, when cells gets ready to divide the chromatin condenses and becomes chormosomes
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Plasmodesmata
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strands of cytoplasm that extends through plant cell walss and connects adjoining cells
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Golgi Apparatus
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receives transport vesicles from rough ER (finishes, sorts, ships)
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Basic features of Cells
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plasma membrane
semi fluid cytosol chromosomes and ribosomes |
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Organelles w/ membranes
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ER?
Chloroplasts Mitochondria Nucleous Cytoskeleton |
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Transport proteins speed movement of molecules across plasma membrane
Passive transport by proteins |
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Active Transport
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against consitration gradiant
engery sodium potassium pump |
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Simple Diffusion
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passes through membrane
aid of intermeidary such as integral membrane protein |
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FADH2
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donate electrons to transport chain
powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosporilation |
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NAD+
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conezyme
helps enzymes transfer elctrions during redox reactions |
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Cytochome
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Iron containing protein component of electron transport chain in mito. and chloro.
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Chemiosmosis
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uses energy in for of H+ gradient across membrane to drive cellular work
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Glycolysis
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produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose
splitting of sugar |
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Makes ATP
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Glycolyisis
Krebs Electron Transport chain Oxidative Phosphorilation |
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Fermentation
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Anarobic
final e- accpetor is pyruvate or acetllaldehye 2 ATP |
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Respiration
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Aerobic
Final e- acceptor O2 to ATP from ETC Krebs to ATP makes 38 ATP |
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C3 Plants
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produce less food on hot days and stoma close and use O2 instead of Co2 to do Calvin cycle by makes
decreases C compouds from calvin cycle |
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C4 plants
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forms 4 c compounds
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Ethanol Gas
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ripens fruit
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Cancer Cells
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No cell cycle control
no need for growth factors unusual # of chromosomes |
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Interphase
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phase cells are in most
90% of cycle grows and copies |
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Products of Meiosis
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1- 2 Haploid cells
2- 4 Haploid cells |
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Epistasis
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interaction between nonallelic genes in which one comination has a dominant effect
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Nondisjuction
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chromosomes don't seperate in meio. 1
sister sromatis don't seperate in meio. 2 1 gamete recives 2 of some chromosomes and 1 does not receive |
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Karyotype
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chromsomes of a cell usually desplayed as a systematized arrangement of chromosome pairs in descending order of size
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DNA ligase
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An enzyme that joins Okazake fragments into single DNA strand
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DNA polymerase
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catalyses elongation at rep. fork
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Transcription
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synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA
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Translation
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syntheisis of polypeptide
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RNA polymerase
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pries DNA apart and hooks together RNA on template
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Translocation
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chromosomal segment to new position
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Retrovirus
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RNA-DNA by reverse transcriptase
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Prions
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proteins cause infectious disease
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Transformation
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alteration of bacterial cell's DNa by uptake of naked foreign DNA from environment
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